About Eurocodes
Eurocode 2 is one of 10
Eurocodes that will form into a uniform
process of design.
Eurocode 2 and EC2 are both abbreviations for
BS EN 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures. There are four parts to BS EN 1992 but by Eurocode
2 most people mean BS EN 1992-1-1 General rules and rules for
buildings.
Although there continues to be a transition
period, eventually Eurocode 2 will replace all national codes
dealing with the design of structural concrete (such as BS 8110, BS
8007, BS 5400 in the UK). All the parts of Eurocodes rleevant to
the design of concrete have been published. The final relevant UK
National Annex (for wind loads) was due to be published in late May
2008. For information on the programme of releases and details of
the transition visit
British Standards Institute (BSI) or
http://www.eurocodes.co.uk/complete_publication_schedule.aspx
Eurocode 2 has four parts, for
example EN 1992-1-1 deals with general structures and
buildings and other parts cover fire, bridges and liquid
retaining structures. Each part deals with design alone, so the
basis of design, loads (or actions as they are now known),
materials and workmanship are covered in their own Eurocodes.
Materials and workmanship are covered by
their own European Standards or complementary British
Standards as indicated below:
How will the Eurocodes be implemented in the UK?
Eurocode 2 is
published in the UK as BS EN 1992. Part 1-1 was published in
December 2004 and Part 1-2 in February 2005: the relevant National
Annexes were published in December 2005. Part 2 was published in
December 2005, Part 3 in July 2006 and their respective National
Annexes in December 2007 and October 2007.
It is anticipated that current UK design codes
will be withdrawn by April 2010. BS8110 will be withdrawn in
2008. The process for the UK is detailed in
'Implementation of Structural Eurocodes in the
UK', published by the Office of the Deputy Prime
Minister.
The driver in the UK is expected to be the
economic benefit in using Eurocode 2. It is expected that there
will be material cost savings of between 0 and 5% compared to using
BS 8110 in building structures. In common with all EU countries,
Public Authorities will have to accept Eurocode 2 as a valid method
of design on major works. In some countries adoption of Eurocodes
is embodied in their legal system.
Find out more
What are EuroCodes?
Structural Eurocodes (referred to as
'Eurocodes') are a set of ten European Standards that
contain common structural rules for the design of buildings and
civil engineering structures.
Eurocodes are applicable to whole structures
and to individual elements of structures and cater for the use of
all the major construction materials such as concrete, steel,
timber, masonry and aluminium. The Eurocodes are:
- EN 1990 Basis of structural
design
- EN 1991 Actions on structures
- EN 1992 Design of concrete
structures
- EN 1993 Design of steel
structures
- EN 1994 Design of composite steel and
concrete structures
- EN 1995 Design of timber
structures
- EN 1996 Design of masonry
structures
- EN 1997 Geotechnical design
- EN 1998 Design of structures for
earthquake resistance
- EN 1999 Design of aluminium
structures
For a precis of Eurocode 0 click
here, for a precis of Eurocodes 1
to 9 click here.
Apart from EN 1990 the Eurocodes have several parts. The level
of safety in a country remains its prerogative and so each country
may publish lists of Nationally Determined Parameters (NDP's or
values for as partial safety factors, various coefficients,
simplified load combinations, nominal covers etc) and other
information they may choose to include in a National Annex to each
part. In the case of BS EN 1992 BSI has chosen to give the
background to the UK National Annexes in two published documents PD
6687-1 for Part 1 and Part 3 and PD6687-2 for Part
2.
Eurocodes are managed by CEN (Comité
Européen de Normalisation) of which the national standards
bodies of the EU and EFTA countries, the Czech Republic and Malta
are members. Technical Committee CEN/TC 250, 'Structural
Eurocodes', was established in 1990 to develop the Eurocodes, first
as European Prestandards (ENV) and later as European Standards
(EN). All 58 parts of the Eurocodes were approved by October
2006 and the publication of UK national Annexes is almost complete.
There will be a period of transition or coexistence during which
both the National Code and Eurocode are valid but conflicting
national standards have to be withdrawn by March 2010. CEN has a
standard procedure for the withdrawal of National Standards.
Find out more
-
For information on the programme
visit the CEN website.
-
Progress on the publication of the
Eurocodes visit the BSI or Eurocodes Expert website.
-
For Eurocodes in the UK visit the Eurocodes
Expert website.
-
For information on the implementation
for the UK visit the DCLG website and search for
Eurocodes.
Aims
Officially, the Eurocodes are intended to serve
as reference documents '... to establish a set of common technical
rules for the design of buildings and civil engineering works which
will ultimately replace the differing rules in the various Member
States' - to act as:
- As a means of compliance of building and civil
engineering works with the Essential Requirements as set out in
Council Directive 89/106/EEC (The Construction Products Directive
or CPD), particularly Essential Requirements No 1: Mechanical
resistance and stability.
- As a basis for specifying contracts; for
instance for procurement by public authorities of civil engineering
and building works (threshold 5m Euros) and procurement of services
by public authorities (threshold approx 130k Euros)
- As a framework for drawing up harmonised
technical specifications for construction products.
The aims and benefits of the Eurocodes are for
them to become the recommended means of structural design
to:
- provide common design criteria and methods to
fulfil the specified requirements for mechanical resistance,
stability and resistance to fire, including aspects of durability
and economy,
- provide a common understanding regarding the
design of structures between owners, operators and users,
designers, contractors and manufacturers of construction
products,
- facilitate the exchange of construction services
between Members States,
- facilitate the marketing and use of structural
components and kits in Members States,
- facilitate the marketing and use of materials
and constituent products, the properties of which enter into design
calculations, in Members States,
- be a common basis for research and development,
in the construction sector,
- allow the preparation of common design aids and
software, increase the competitiveness of the European civil
engineering firms, contractors, designers and product manufacturers
in their world-wide activities
- improve the functioning of the single
market by removing obstacles arising from different nationally
codified practices
- improve the competitiveness of the European
construction industry.
Format
Eurocodes may be used for design purposes in
conjunction with the National Annex applicable to the Member State
where the designed structures are to be
located.
All clauses are designated either as Principles
or Rules of Application.
- Principles are those fundamental bases of structural
performance which must be achieved.
- Rules of application are recommended
methods of achieving those Principles. Where alternative design
rules from the Rules of Application are used, it must be shown that
they provide the equivalent reliability that would be achieved for
the structure using the Eurocode.
The conversion of the Eurocodes from the ENV
stage to Normative EN has now happened. After a Eurocode becomes an
EN there will be a period of co-existence, with the appropriate
National Code (possibly five years) following which the National
Code will cease to be maintained. For more information on the
implementation of the Structural Eurocodes, published by the ODPM
click here.
The costs and benefits of
harmonisationThe belief is 'Eurocodes are
technically competent documents incorporating established best
practice. Any additional initial design costs compared to
design by UK codes should settle to normal once the profession
becomes acquainted with the documents'.
Maintenance
Under the CEN rules all ENs will have a
five-year review. In the case or Eurocodes, the responsible
Technical committee will be CEN/TC/250.
|
|
|
Reference
|
Title
|
Publication
date
|
|
Code
|
National Annex
|
|
BS EN 1991-1-1
|
Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
|
July 2002
|
December 2005
|
|
BS EN 1991-1-2
|
Actions on structures exposed to fire
|
November 2002
|
October 2006*
|
|
BS EN 1991-1-3
|
Snow loads
|
July 2003
|
December 2005
|
|
BS EN 1991-1-4
|
Wind actions
|
April 2005
|
January 2007*
|
|
BS EN 1991-1-5
|
Thermal actions
|
March 2004
|
December 2006*
|
|
EN 1991-1-6
|
Actions during execution
|
December 2005
|
July 2007*
|
|
EN 1991-1-7
|
Accidental actions due to impact and
explosions
|
September 2006
|
October 2007*
|
|
EN 1991-2
|
Traffic loads on bridges
|
October 2003
|
December 2006*
|
|
EN 1991-3
|
Actions induced by cranes and machinery
|
|
January 2007*
|
|
EN 1991-4
|
Actions in silos and tanks
|
June 2006
|
June 2007*
|
Bold - Published as at 21 November
2006
For more information and useful background
documents on the non-material codes visit:
Back to top
Precis of Eurocode 2 (EC2/ EN1992
Design of concrete structures)
Eurocode 2 has four parts:
Part 1-1: Eurocode 2. Design
of concrete structures. General requirements
Part 1-2: Eurocode 2. Design
of concrete structures. Fire design
Part 2-2: Eurocode 2. Design
of concrete structures. Concrete bridges - Design and detailing
rules
Part 2-3: Eurocode 2. Design
of concrete structures. Liquid retaining and containment
structures
BS EN 1992 1-1 was published in December 2004
and EN 1992-1-2 in February 2005. NAs to both these parts were
published in December 2005. This will supercedes BS 8110-1, BS
8110-2 and BS 8110-3.
BS EN 1992-2 was published in December 2005 and
its NA is due for publication in January 2007*.
This will eventually supercede BS 5400-4, BS
5400-7 and BS 5400-8.
BS EN 1992-3 was published in July 2006
with the National Annex due in December 2006*. This will
supercede BS 8007.
Eurocode 2 is the main focus of the website,
please
click here
for more information. Use the main menu above to access further
information, downloads, news and/or make contact.
Precis of
Eurocode 3 (EC3/ EN1993 Design of steel structures)
BS EN 1993 has 21
parts covering common rules, fire design, bridges, buildings,
tanks, silos, pipelined piling, crane supported structures, towers
and masts, chimneys etc. As at November 2006*, only 5 parts
( 1993-1-1 General, -1-2 Fire, -1-8 Joints. -1-9 Fatigue and
-1-10 Toughness) have been published. With the remainder due to be
published throughout 2006. No NAs have been published to
date*.
Eurocode 3 brings new methods into the scope. For example
semi-rigid joints are explained, advanced methods for cold-formed
steelwork, rules for stainless steel, shells, piles, sheet piling
and silos. For buildings, it may be seen as a progression from BS
5950.
Precis
of Eurocode 4 (EC4/ EN1994 Design of composite steel and
concrete structures)
BS EN 1994 has three parts covering common
rules and rules for buildings, structural fire design and bridges,
which were all published in 2005.
Part 1-1: Eurocode 4. Design
of composite steel and concrete structures. General rules
Part 1-2: Eurocode 4. Design
of composite steel and concrete structures. Structural fire
design
Part 2: Eurocode 4. Design of
composite steel and concrete structures. General rules and rules
for bridges
Eurocode 4 needs to be used together with
Eurocodes 2 and 3 for concrete and steel respectively.
NA's are due to be published in
2007.
Precis of Eurocode 5 (EC5/
EN1995 Design of timber structures)
BS EN 1995-1-1 (Common rules and rules for
buildings), BS EN 1995-1-2 (fire)
and BS EN
1995-2 (bridges)
were published in 2005.
The National Annexes for parts one and two were published in
October 2006 with the the NA for part three not yet
available*.
Back to top
Precis of Eurocode 6 (EC6/ EN1996 Design of masonry
structures)
The four parts cover common rules for
reinforced and unreinforced masonry, structural fire design ,
materials and execution simplified calculation methods.
- BS EN 1996-1-1 was published in December
2005
- BS EN 1996-1-2 was published in June
2005.
- BS EN 1996-2 was published in October
2006.
- BS EN 1996-3
was published in October 2006.
As of November 2006, no NAs have been published, but they are expected
in 2007.
Precis of
Eurocode 7 (EC7/ EN1997 Geotechnical design)
Eurocode 7 is wide-ranging and provides, in
outline, all the requirements for the design of geotechnical
structures, e.g. approaches to geotechnical
design, ground investigation,
design aspects of construction and design
of specific elements.
BS EN 1997 Eurocode 7 is in two parts:
Part 1: General rules - covers general basis
for the geotechnical aspects of the design of buildings and civil
engineering works (e.g. assessment of geotechnical data, piles,
retaining structures, etc.) and calculation rules for actions
originating from the ground (e.g. earth and ground water
pressures).
Part 2: Ground investigation and testing.
Eurocode 7 classifies structures and risks into
three categories. Eurocode 7 concentrates on Geotechnical Category
2 - conventional structures with no exceptional risk, e.g. spread,
raft and pile foundations, retaining structures, bridge piers and
abutments, embankments and earthworks, tunnels etc. (Geotechnical
Category 1 is for small, relatively simple structures with
negligible risk. Geotechnical Category 3 is for very large or
unusual structures or exceptionally difficult ground conditions and
is outside the scope of Eurocode 7.)
Eurocode 7 states that no limit state e.g,
stability (EQU, UPL or HYD), strength (STR or GEO) or
serviceability, as defined by BS EN 1990, shall be exceeded. The
requirements for ultimate and serviceability limit state design may
be accomplished by using, in an appropriate manner, the following
alone or in combination:
- calculations
- prescriptive
measures
- testing
and/or
- an observational
method
There are three Design Approaches in Eurocode 7;
the UK is due to adopt Design Approach 1 (DA1). DA1 requires the
consideration of two combinations of partial factors for actions
and for soil parameters to compare ultimate loads to ultimate soil
resistance.
For the serviceability limit state, settlement
should be checked either:
- by direct calculation of
the ground deformation, or
- by verifying that a
sufficiently low fraction of the ground strength is mobilised to
keep deformations within the required serviceability
limits.
The current practice of specifying and designing
using characteristic actions, may be used by, agreement, by way of
adopting Prescriptive Measures to verify the foundation.
BS EN 1997-1 was published in 2004. Its NA is due
for publication in December 2006*. BS EN 1997-2 is due for
publication in November 2006* and its NA in July 2007*.
* Information from www.bsi-global.com/Eurocodes and
correct as of 21 November 2006.
Precis of Eurocode 8 (EC8/ EN 1998 Design
for earthquake resistance)
BS EN 1998 Eurocode 8 is in six parts. However,
it is unlikely that EN1998 needs to be used in the UK, except for
special structures (e.g. nuclear structures, long span bridges and
tall buildings).
Part 1: Eurocode 8. Design of
structures for earthquake resistance. General rules
Part 2: Eurocode 8. Design of
structures for earthquake resistance. Bridges
Part 3: Eurocode 8. Design of
structures for earthquake resistance. Assessment and
retrofitting
Part 4: Eurocode 8. Design of
structures for earthquake resistance. Silo tanks and
pipelines
Part 5: Eurocode 8. Design of
structures for earthquake resistance. Foundations, retaining
structures and geotechnical aspects
Part 6: Eurocode 8. Design of
structures for earthquake resistance. Towers masts and
chimneys
As of November 2006 all parts have
been published. No national annexes have been published to
date.
Precis of
Eurocode 9 (EC9/ EN1999 Design of aluminium alloy
structures)
BS EN 1999, Eurocode 9 has five
parts:
Part 1-1: Eurocode 9.
Design of aluminium structures. General rules covering common
rules, structural fire design and structures susceptible to
fatigue
Part 1-2: Eurocode 9.
Design of aluminium structures. General - Structural fire
design
Part 1-3: Eurocode 9.
Design of aluminium structures. Additional rules for
structures
susceptible to fatigue
Part 1-4: Eurocode 9.
Design of aluminium structures. Supplementary rules for trapezoidal
sheeting
Part 1-5: Eurocode 9.
Design of aluminium structures. Supplementary rules for shell
structures
As of November 2006, no parts or National
Annexes have been published.
Precis of BS EN 1990
Eurocode: Basis of design was published as BS EN 1990:2002 on 27 July 2002.
It's UK National Annex (NA) was published in December 2004 an 2nd UK NA dealing with traffic loads is due to be published in February 2007.
It is the head document in the Eurocode suite and describes the principles and requirements for safety, serviceability and durability. It also provides the basis and general principles for the structural design and verification of buildings and civil engineering works. Eurocode 0 is material independent.
The main requirement is that the structures and structural elements are designed, executed and maintained so that, with appropriate degrees of reliability, they will:
- perform adequately under all expected actions;
- withstand all actions and other influences likely to occur during execution (construction) and use;
- have adequate durability in relation to maintenance costs;
- not be subsequently damaged disproportionately to the original cause in the case of exceptional hazards such as fire, explosion, impact or human error.
Actions
Actions (loads) are classified by their variation in time, space and nature. The characteristic value of an action is its main representative value.
Permanent actions
The self-weight of a structure can be represented by a single characteristic value Gk. If the variability of G is not small and the statistical distribution is known, two values are used; an upper value Gk.sup and a lower value Gk.inf. For concrete one value, Gk, is usually used.
Variable actions
- A variable action has the following representative value, see Figure 1:
- the characteristic value Qk
- the combination value <psi>0Qk
- the frequent value <psi>1Qk
- the quasi-permanent value <psi>2Qk
The combination value <psi>0Qk takes account of the reduced probability of simultaneous occurrence. In the design of concrete members the combination value <psi>0Qk is used for ULS design and the quasi-permanent value <psi>2Qk is used for SLS design. The values of <psi> depend on building usage see Tables A1.1 and A1.4 of Eurocode 0.
Recommended values of <psi> factors for buildings
| Action |
<psi> 0 |
<psi>1 |
<psi>2 |
| Imposed loads in buildings (see BS EN 1991-1-1) |
| Category A: domestic, residential areas |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
| Category B: office areas |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
| Category C: congregation areas |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
| Category D: shopping areas |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
| Category E: storage areas |
1.0 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
| Category F: traffic area, vehicle weight < 30 kN |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
| Category G: traffic area, 30 kN < vehicle weight < 160 kN |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
| Category H: roofs* |
0.7 |
0 |
0 |
| Snow loads on buildings (see BS EN 1991-1-3) |
| For sites located at altitude H > 1000 m asl |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.2 |
| For sites located at altitude H <1000 m asl |
0.5 |
0.2 |
0 |
| Wind loads on buildings (see BS EN 1991-1-4) |
0.5 |
0.2 |
0 |
| Temperature (non-fire) in buildings (see BS EN 1991-1-5) |
0.6 |
0.5 |
0 |
|
* See also 1991-1-1: Clause 3.3.2 (1) |
Design values <gamma> factors
Various partial factors are applied to the loads depending upon which limit state is being examined. (e.g. equilibrium, strength, accidental, seismic, serviceability). The values are contained in Tables A1.2(A), A1.2(B) and A1.2(C) A1.3 and clause A1.4.1, as confirmed or modified by the relevant National Annex. The recommended partial factor for serviceability loads is 1.00.
Partial factors for use in verification of Limit States in persistent and transient design situations
|
Reference |
Permanent actions(Gk) |
Leading variable action (Qk,1) |
Accompanying variable actions (Qk,i) |
|
a) For equilibrium |
|
|
1.10 (or 0.90 where favourable) |
1.50
(or 0 where favourable) |
1.50. <psi>0,i
(or 0 where favourable) |
|
b) For strength at ULSa |
|
Either |
|
|
1.35 (or 1.0 where favourable) |
1.5 |
<psi>0 .1.5 |
|
or worse case of |
|
|
<gamma>G |
<psi>0,1 . <gamma>Q |
<psi>0,i .<gamma>Q |
|
Expression (6.10a) |
1.35 (or 1.0 where favourable) |
<psi>0.1.5 |
<psi>0.1.5 |
|
and |
|
Expression (6.10b) |
0.925 . 1.35 = 1.25
(or 1.0 where favourable) |
1.5 |
<psi>0.1.5 |
|
c) For strength at ULSb with geotechnical actions |
|
Set A1 |
1.35
(or 1.0 where favourable) |
1.5
(or 0.0 where favourable) |
|
Set A2 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
|
d) For serviceability |
|
Characteristic |
1.00 |
1.00 |
<psi>0,i .1.00 |
|
Frequent |
1.00 |
<psi>1,1 . 1.00 |
<psi>2,i .1.00 |
|
Quasi - permanent |
1.00 |
<psi>2,1 .1.00 |
<psi>2,i . 1.00 |
|
e) For accidental design situations |
|
|
Permanent actions |
Leading accidental action (Ak) |
Accompanying variable actions (Qk,i) |
|
Expression (6.11a) |
1.00 |
|
<psi> 2,i |
Notes
Table derived from BS EN 1990 and UK National Annex to EN 1990
a) Not involving geotechnical actions
b) The above table for geotechnical actions is based on Design Approach 1 in Clause A.3.1(5) of EN 1990, which is recommended in the UK National Annex for EN 1990.
<psi>) The values of <psi> are given above.
Where the variation between Gksup and Gkinf is not great, say < 10%, i.e. concrete in usual circumstances, Gk is taken to represent permanent action.
Except in the case of concrete structures supporting storage loads or mixed use, Exp 6.10b will usually apply. Thus <gamma> F = <gamma> G = 1.25 for permanent actions and <gamma> F = <gamma> Q = 1.50 for variable actions will be applicable to most concrete structures. In other words, for members supporting vertical actions 1.25Gk + 1.5Qk will be appropriate for most situations.
Another big change compared to current design to BS 8110 is that <gamma>Gk does not change between spans in a single load case. For ULS, it is either 1.35 Gk throughout or 1.00 Gk throughout.
For more information and useful background documents on the non-material codes visit:
Back to Precis of the Eurocodes listingMaterials and Workmanship
default.httBackground to European Standardisation
default.httBackground to European Standardisation
(*based on Dipl-Ing Dieter Schwerm, Bad
Honnef, Building with structural precast components: practical
implementation, Betonwerk+Fertigeil-Technik BFT 3/2005.
www.bft-online.info/en)
European standardization takes place in the
European Committee for Standardization, CEN, to which the national
standardization institutes of the European Union and the EFTA
countries belong.
Within CEN, European product
standardization is carried out in the Technical Committees (TC's
for short),
click here for more information. TC250 covers
Structural Eurocodes and TC229 covers precast concrete
products.
CEN Technical Committee 250 was
established in 1990 and developed the first Eurocodes as
pre-standards. Now the committee has transformed or is transforming
these pre-standards into European Standards. SC2 deals with Design
of concrete structures and EN1992.
Mandates
European construction products are governed by
the Construction Products Directive of 1988. Structural precast
concrete components are governed by Mandate M/100. These mandates
define the essential requirements that the product must satisfy. In
preparing the mandates, the European Commission, consulted the
Standing Committee on Construction, in which the members states
were represented.
For many construction products, the European
Commission commissioned the European Committee for Standardisation,
CEN, to publish product standards. These 'mandated' standards
include the essential requirements. Once 'mandated' standards are
prepared, they are known as 'harmonized standards' and are cited in
the Official Journal (OJ) of the European Communities.
CE Marking
An important 'informative' Annex ZA of a
product standard stipulates which chapters of the product standard
are governed by the 'essential requirements'. These chapters
satisfy the requirements of the mandate, based on which the product
standard was prepared. Compliance of the product with the
parameters laid down in these chapters justifies the assumption
that the product is fit for the intended purpose. On this basis,
the CE marking can then be applied. The CE mark is, therefore, not
a quality mark. It merely identifies the product as complying with
the mandated requirements of the standard.
CE marking is not
mandatory in the UK.
For precast concrete product standards, a
distinction is made between three processes that lead to CE
marking:
Process 1
The CE conformity marking contains information
on the geometry and the material properties and the product,
including construction details (size of the precast member,
cross-section of the reinforcing and prestressing steel
etc). More detailed technical information is to
be found in a relevant product catalogue.
The idea behind this approach is that based on
this information, is should be possible to determine the product's
performance (mechanical strength, stability, fire resistance, etc)
in accordance with the regulations applicable at the place of
utilisation. (An assumption like this appears to
be totally unrealistic for reinforced, prestressed concrete
members).
Process 2
Here, too, the CE marking contains information
on the mandated product properties including construction details,
and in addition, design values, eg flexural strength, shear
resistance etc and the partial safety factors by which these design
values were determined. This type of marking is
based on the assumption that the members are designed in accordance
with the Eurocodes.
With this process it will, at least in theory,
be possible to determine the regulations applicable at the products
intended place of utilisation by applying the respective applicable
partial safety factors.
Process 3
Here too, the properties of the building
materials used (concrete, reinforcing steel, pre-stressing steel)
are given. Essentially, however, reference is
made to the design documentation that accompanies the
product. This process corresponds almost exactly
to that currently practiced in Germany, ie to determine the product
properties in the structural design documentation, eg structural
analysis, element drawing etc.
Construction Products
and CE markingFurther information can
be obtained from DCLG.
National Application Standards
The term 'harmonised European product
standard' is somewhat misleading as every product standard has to
be adapted for national application. This is because each EU member
state has responsibility for aspects of safety, durability and
economy, but most of all because of the legal framework in force in
each member state (e.g. in Germany, the German building
regulations).
National application standards define the
technical changes that are necessary from a national point of view.
They are also necessary because the European product standards may
make reference to other product and design standards that are not
yet available. These issues have to be examined
on a case-to-case basis.
News
page.httFirst Eurocodes published. BS EN 1990, Basis of design and BS EN
1991-1-1:2002... read more]]>Draft National Annex to EN 1990 disallows equations 6.10a and
6.10b... read more]]>October 2002 version of prEN1992-1-2 (fire) received. Fig 3.7
altered... read more]]>To explore this section follow the links
below:
]]>
Withdrawal of structural design standards
page.httWithdrawal of structural design standards (British
Standards)
The promised circular letter to local authorities, Informing
Building Control Bodies about the withdrawal of structural design
standards (British Standards) and updating Approved Documents A and
C was published yesterday on the DCLG website.
The letter includes the following:
What this means for building control bodies (BCBs) When
assessing compliance with the Building Regulations, BCBs should
continue to consider the appropriate use of relevant standards on a
case by case basis. This may include the use of the new BS ENs,
which formally become the new national standards in April 2010
reflecting the changes made by the standards organisations. There
is no need to wait until April 2010. The British Standards to be
withdrawn on 31 March are and will remain available from BSI. But
BSI committees have already stopped updating those British
Standards, and so they may not necessarily be suitable for aspects
of structural design in the medium and long term. BCBs will need to
be aware of the risk of designs inappropriately mixing new design
standards based on the BS ENs and withdrawn BS design
standards.
The full text may be viewed by visiting:
]]>
Eurocode 2 Training and CPD
page.httWhatever you need to know, whether you
have 45 minutes, a day or have a specific project where you require
assistance, The Concrete Centre is able to help.
CPD presentations in your office
includes:
- Building design to Eurocode 2
- Design of civil engineering structures to
Eurocode 2
In house courses for Building Design to
Eurocode 2 includes:
- Essential elements - 3.5 CPD
hours
- Theory and background - 6 CPD
hours
- Theory and worked examples - 6.5 CPD
hours
- Theory and hands-on workshop - 13 CPD
hours
To request more information about these
services visit The Concrete Centre website or email: buildings@concretecentre.com
]]>
Eurocode 2 commentary and worked examples
page.httEurocode 2 commentary and worked examples are available for
free download from www.ermco.eu
The commentary is extensive and the worked examples cover many
types of element. Whilst the commentary might not be fully
comprehensive and the examples tend to follow European as opposed
to UK practice, these documents are invaluable references
documents.
]]>
BS EN 13670
page.htt
EN 13670 (Execution of concrete structures) is going through a
fast track approval process by CEN and publication is anticipated
by the end of 2009.
It is likely that this standard will allow for a National
Application Document (NAD) that will allow for countries'
traditional specifications.
The UK NAD will likely refer to specifications such as NSCS,
NBS, HA's DMRB, CESWI, rail specifications, etc., as deemed
appropriate. It is then expected that these specifications will
then operate as shown in the diagram below:
]]>
Update to specifiers regarding BS8110, Eurocode 2 and Building Regulations
page.httThe British Standard's Institute (BSI) has declared BS 8110 as
obsolescent. According to BSI, a declaration of obsolescence
indicates that the standard is not recommended for use in new
'equipment' but needs to be retained for the servicing of existing
'equipment' that is expected to have a long working life. For
'equipment' read 'structures'.
BSI plan to 'withdraw' BS8110 and other structural concrete
design codes on or about 31st March
2010. 'Withdrawn' indicates that a standard is
no longer current and has been superseded by another standard or is
no longer relevant to industry. It is also no longer supported by a
committee which means that it will not undergo a 5 year
review. The standard is not necessarily unsafe
but will increasingly become outdated and therefore not current
best practice.
BS EN1992, Eurocode 2-1-1 has been available for the design of
concrete structures since December 2004. Its National Annex has
been available since December 2005 and for building structures the
last particularly relevant National Annex, that for BS EN 1991-1-4
Wind, has been available since September
2008.
In its various parts, together with current National Annexes
and supporting documents, Eurocode 2 is seen as current best
practice design. Its use will become
increasingly popular.
It is understood that the 2010 revisions to the Building
Regulations Approved Document A of will cite compliance with the
Eurocodes as being 'deemed to satisfy'.
Withdrawn British Standards will not be cited but in the short term
may be acceptable to checking authorities, by
agreement.
]]>
Eurocodes For Bridges Different But Not Difficult
page.httStudies carried out by the Highways Agency have found that
whilst there will be some areas of change, overall, the new
Eurocodes will make little difference to the
final design of common forms of bridges and highway
structures.
There are ten structural Eurocodes. For bridges, designers
need to refer to a number of these. Concrete bridge design requires
Eurocode 0 covering the basis of design, Eurocode 1 to determine
the actions to be applied to the structure, Eurocode 2 to determine
concrete resistance, Eurocode 4 general rules for bridges and
Eurocode 7 for the foundations. In addition, each Eurocode has a
National Annex that contains country-specific data.
Studies involving a re-design to Eurocodes of bridges that
have already been designed and built to current Highways Agency
Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) and British Standards
have been carried out on a number of different bridge types. These
include steel/concrete composite, pre-stressed concrete and
reinforced concrete structures. In general, the studies found that
the Eurocodes will make little difference to common forms of
bridges in terms of member sizes and capacity compared with BS5400
and that they resulted in sectional resistances that were within
10% of those derived from British Standards.
The studies, undertaken by Parsons Brinckerhoff and Atkins,
found the Eurocodes to be less prescriptive, and so offered the
opportunity for greater innovation and economy. A notable area of
difference using Eurocodes is that of shear in concrete. For
sections without shear links, the Eurocode resistance is slightly
lower. This reflects the recent research work done in this area.
For shear reinforced sections, the variable angle truss model in
the Eurocodes offers higher shear resistance. Another area of
difference is that Eurocodes treat pre-stressed concrete and
reinforced concrete in a consistent manner unlike their separate
treatment in BS5400-4.
There will be a notable change to the way that the DMRB works
alongside the Eurocodes. The DMRB will no longer reproduce and
modify sections of Standards as previously. Instead it will contain
information complementary to the Eurocodes. There are currently
some 50 BD's and BA's within the DMRB. These will be simplified and
consolidated with the development and implementation of the
Eurocodes which will result in there being fewer, more-focused DMRB
parts for the design of bridges and highway structures. The studies
highlighted some common areas of UK practice covered by the DMRB
that are not covered in the Eurocodes. For example, the Eurocodes
do not contain provision for the distribution of wheel loads
through fill surcharge models. Additional guidance is being
developed by the Highways Agency for those areas not currently
covered.
The designers involved with the studies found that using the
Eurocodes presented a steep learning curve. This was to be
expected. However, the logic of the Eurocodes soon became apparent
as the design principles are generally clear and in some cases the
new Eurocodes offered a more logical and mathematical route for
bridge design. Overall, the designers found that the codes were
different but no more difficult to use.
The implementation of the Eurocodes presents a significant
challenge for the UK construction industry. It will open the UK to
further European competition but this goes both ways for it will
also provide opportunities for UK designers in Europe. The
Eurocodes will enable greater design and procurement efficiencies
plus cost-savings in pan-European bridge research. For concrete
designs, potential cost savings arise from savings in flexural
reinforcement and shear reinforcement. Further savings are possible
thanks to the code's encouragement to use more complex methods of
analysis.
The full implementation of the bridge Eurocodes is expected to
happen by 2010 when the British Standards are expected to be
withdrawn.
Ref: TCC480
]]>
Concrete Sector Ready To Work With New Eurocodes
page.httThe concrete sector has welcomed the announcement from BSI
that BS8110 is to be made obsolete. After May 2008 the relevant BSI
technical committee, B/525/2, will no longer support BS8110 as all
the relevant Eurocodes and their national Annexes for design of
concrete buildings have been published.
The Concrete Centre believes that the annoucement will act as
a further prompt to those firms which are yet to adopt Eurocode 2
for concrete. "The transition to Eurocode 2 will certainly be
challenging but there are ease-of-use benefits and potential
commercial opportunities", said Andrew Minson, head of structural
engineering at The Concrete Centre. "The new codes are more
technically advanced and have a logical order that will avoid
conflicts between codes. Also the new codes are
more extensive than BS8110. In addition, there are distinct
commercial opportunities for consultants who have projects abroad
as most of Europe will be using the same basic design codes. Using
Eurocode 2 will provide consultants with increased opportunities in
Europe".
To ease the transition from British
Standard to Eurocode, The Concrete Centre has developed and made
available a wide range of resources including a companion guide
entitled 'Concise Eurocode 2' and a series of guides under the
banner 'How to Design Concrete Structures using Eurocode 2'. In
addition, a dedicated website, www.eurocode2.info, with
worked examples has been set up and there is a full programme of
training presentations and courses.
"The imminent implementation of Eurocode 2 has seen a marked
increase in the demand for information and training resources"'
said Andrew Minson, head of structural engineering at The Concrete
Centre. "We are on course to provide Eurocode training to over
1,000 structural engineers this year".
He concluded; "The concrete sector is fully ready to work with
the new codes. They are now and the transition has begun".
]]>
Eurocode 2 In-house Courses
page.httWith the implementation of Eurocodes drawing near, The
Concrete Centre has noticed a marked increased in demand for its
in-house presentations and courses. These courses have been
developed to assist with the transition from British Standards to
Eurocodes. The courses vary in length and style and use a variety
of presenters to suit particular requirements. Presenters include
academics, members of the technical committee which prepared
Eurocode 2 and members of the technical team from The Concrete
Centre who have experience working for consultants and are
knowledgeable in the application of Eurocode 2.
"The increased uptake for in-house courses shows that many
practices are now getting to grips with the implementation of the
new Eurocodes", reported Owen Brooker, senior structural engineer
with The Concrete Centre. "We have designed a
range of courses to assist them train staff within the convenience
of their own office".
A half-day course provides a brief introduction to Eurocode 2
for the structural engineer who is already familiar with the design
of concrete buildings. It provides the main requirements of the
Eurocodes for the design of concrete beams, slabs and columns
through design procedures and worked examples.
Two full day courses are available. One provides a
comprehensive background to Eurocode 2. It explains the main
features and changes contained in Eurocode 2 and the accompanying
National Annex for UK specific conditions and covers the basis of
design, structural analysis, material properties, design for beams
with and without axial loads, shear punching shear torsion,
anchorage and detailing. The main approaches to structural fire
design are also explained.
The other full day course is Eurocode 2 with Design Workshops.
In addition to examining the main changes and features contained in
the new Code, the course provides to opportunity to design simple
structural elements via worked examples and workshops. Ideally
course delegates should have experience of current design to
current Codes of Practices.
A full two-day course is also available. This comprehensive
workshop covers all sections of the new code and explores its
practical application with worked examples and hands-on workshop
designs and detailing of most structural elements using the UK's
Nationally Determined Parameters.
"The feedback from these courses has been positive", said
Brooker. "The feedback also allows ongoing development of the
courses to ensure their relevance".
For further details and to book an in-house Eurocode 2 course
contact your Concrete Centre regional engineer or contact Owen
Brooker, tel: 01276 606830, email:
obrooker@concretecentre.com
Precast Eurocode 2: Worked Examples
page.htt'Precast Eurocode 2: Worked Examples' will be published on May
13th priced at £45. The current content sections are
listed below.
|
Example 1:
|
Load combinations for overhanging cantilever beam
|
|
Example 2:
|
Load combinations for continuous slab
|
|
Example 3:
|
Geometric imperfections
|
|
Example 4:
|
Unintended fixing moments
|
|
Example 5:
|
Design for flexure (reinforced concrete member)
|
|
Example 6:
|
Design for shear (reinforced concrete member)
|
|
Example 7:
|
Design for torsion (beam)
|
|
Example 8:
|
Design of columns
|
|
Example 9:
|
Design of corbels
|
|
Example 10:
|
Tying requirements
|
|
Example 11:
|
Design of a billet bearing
|
|
Example 12:
|
Precast prestressed beam
|
|
Example 13:
|
Whole building
|
|
13.1
|
Introduction
|
|
13.2
|
Loading
|
|
13.3
|
Lateral stability of the structure
|
|
13.4
|
Selection of concrete class
|
|
13.5
|
Hollowcore slabs
|
|
13.6
|
Double T-beams
|
|
13.7
|
Edge beam on grid C
|
|
13.8
|
Beam on grid B in the second floor
|
|
13.9
|
Design of column 6-C
|
|
13.10
|
Tying requirements for robustness
|
]]>
Message to Specifiers regarding Eurocode 2 and BS8110
page.htt
All remaining Eurocodes and their NAs will be published in
2008. The only one being waited upon for concrete building
structures is the NA to BS EN 1991-1-4
(wind).
As all necessary supporting documents for use of Eurocode 2 are
in place, the BSI committees responsible for BS8110 have stated
that they will no longer support updates of BS8110. In BSI language
this constitutes 'withdrawal' of BS8110.
DCLG has advised that due to a legal technicality Approved
Document Part A is unlikely to explicitly include Eurocodes until
2010.
In the meantime, DCLG has already advised one local
authority that there is no reason not to accept designs to the
Eurocodes - albeit with some engineering
judgement applied to the application of wind
loads. DCLG intend clarifying the status of the Eurocodes in
respect of demonstrating compliance with the Building Regulations
in a letter to all building control authorities once the final
relevant National Annex (i.e. the NA to BS EN 1991-1-4 (wind))is in
place.
February 15th 2008
]]>
Worked Examples
page.httIt is now just six months until BS 8110 is
withdrawn (i.e. it will no longer be updated by BSI). The Concrete
Centre has released Worked Examples to Eurocode 2 in downloadable
PDF format. This joins the other documents Concise Eurocode 2, the
How To Compendium and RC Spreadsheets. These documents have been
written to help structural engineers do their jobs more effectively
and efficiently.
Worked Examples are currently available from
the Downloads section of the
site for the following elements:
- Flat Slabs
- Slabs
- Columns
- Beams
- Walls
Any feedback and comments are welcome, please
email helpline@concretecentre.com with
your comments and contacts details.
Back to news section
]]>
Concise Eurocode 2 publication available
page.htt
| A new tool to ease the transition from BS
8110 to the new Eurocodes has been published by The Concrete
Centre. Concise Eurocode 2 cuts through all the relevant Eurocodes
and UK National Annexes to give simple guidance on how to design
building structures to Eurocode 2. |
|
|
The main thrust of the guide is to put the
requirements of Parts 1-1 and 1-2 of Eurocode 2 into plain
English.
It starts by explaining the basis of design,
materials and analysis, before dealing with the phenomena of
bending and axial force, shear, punching shear, torsion and
serviceability as per the code. Detailing, tying and plain concrete
are covered before giving an extensive section of design aids
(including tables and charts for shear, deflection and column
design). There is even an appendix explaining the design of simple
foundations.
With the relevant clause numbers highlighted,
Concise Eurocode 2 is intended to help unlock the benefits to be
gained from using the new code. The other parts
of Eurocode 2 work by exception to the clauses in Parts 1-1 and 1-2
so a thorough understanding of Parts 1-1 and 1-2 will be a
prerequisite for designing concrete bridges and liquid retaining
structures. Relevant parts of Eurocode (basis of design), Eurocode
1 (actions) and Eurocode 7 (Geotechnical) are explained and
referenced too.
|
|
A perfect complement to this guide is the forthcoming How To Design Concrete Structures Using
Eurocode 2. Both publications are available to purchase from the Concrete
Bookshop tel: 0700 4 607 777, or visit: www.concretebookshop.com
|
]]>
CPD seminars and shortcourses
page.httThe Concrete Centre provides a wide range of
CPD to enable those involved in design and construction to
realise the full potential of concrete with Eurocode
2.
Concrete Events
Building Design to Eurocode 2: Theory & Background to the
UK Annex
27 October 2009 - London
This course explains the background, main
features and changes contained in Eurocode 2 and the accompanying
National Annex for UK specific conditions. It covers a brief
introduction to the Eurocode system, the basis of design,
structural analysis, material properties, design for bending with
and without axial loads, shear, punching shear, torsion, anchorage
and detailing. The main approaches to structural fire design are
also explained.
For further information and
registration on this course, run by the Institution of Structural
Engineers in conjunction with The Concrete Centre,
visit: www.prosols.uk.com
Design of Concrete Bridges to Eurocodes
19 November 2009 - London
This one day training course offers an
introduction to the design of concrete bridges, using Eurocode 0,
Eurocode 1 and Eurocode 2 including their National Annexes and
published documents for the UK.
The course covers bridge actions (except wind), materials,
durability, design of reinforced and pre-stressed concrete for
ultimate and serviceability limit states and detailing.
The design of an integral bridge is used as an example. The course
is suitable for engineers with some previous experience in bridge
design.
For further information and
registration on this course, run by the Institution of Structural
Engineers in conjunction with The Concrete Centre,
visit: www.prosols.uk.com
Building Design to Eurocode 2: Theory and Hands-on Workshop (2
day course)
23 - 24 November 2009 -
London
This comprehensive course covers all sections
of the new code and explores its practical application with worked
examples and handson workshops on design and detailing of most
structural elements using the UK's Nationally Determined
Parameters. Extensive course materials and design guides are
provided.
For further information and
registration on this course, run by the Institution of Structural
Engineers in conjunction with The Concrete Centre,
visit: www.prosols.uk.com
Design of Concrete Bridges to Eurocodes
02 December 2009 - Leeds
From March 2010 all public sector works,
including concrete bridges, will need to be designed to Eurocodes
and the relevant British Standards will no longer be
maintained. The Concrete Centre has developed a number of
resources to assist the designer in hte transition period.
This one day course offers an
introduction to the design of concrete bridges, using
Eurocode 0, Eurocode 1 and Eurocode 2 including their National
Annexes and published documents for the UK. The course covers
bridge actions (except wind), materials, durability, design of
reinforced and pre-stressed concrete for ultimate and
serviceability limit states and detailing. The design of an
integral bridge is used as an example.
The course is suitable for engineers with some previous
experience in bridge design.
Design Tools and Techniques for Concrete Buildings
15 December 2009 -
London
Providing a practical introduction to the design
reinforced concrete structures, from quick design methods for
initial sizing of members to best practice advice for using finite
element analysis. Delegates will receive useful tips and see
how software can assist both element design and conceptual design
of frames.
The course will combine traditional lecture style presentations,
with workshop sessions to allow delegates to apply the design
principles. By attending the course you will understand:
- The construction processes
- The benefits and design issues to consider at the early
stages of a project for various concrete solutions
- How to develop the initial sizes for concrete elements
suitable for costing of a proposal
- How to carry out the detail design of concrete structures
using Eurocode 2
For further information and registration on this course
visit: www.concretecentre.com
Training in your region
The Concrete Centre works with partners and
institutions, including their branches and regional clubs, to
provide evening seminars and training courses. For a
comprehensive calendar of events and to register visit
www.concretecentre.com/events
Technical presentations in your office
The Concrete Centre provides
continued professional development at your fingertips. With an
extensive range of topics, all of which are CPD certified, and can
be delivered in your office by our expert team of regional advisers
who specialise in civil engineering, structural engineering,
residential and architectural disciplines. To find out more visit
www.concretecentre.com/cpd
Training in your office
The education and training of professionals is
at the heart of The Concrete Centre's mission.
We provide a range of short courses, seminars
and lectures aimed at improving the knowledge of those who design
in concrete. As part of this, we have developed a programme of
short courses that can be delivered in your office and a selection
of these are listed below:
Basic elements of
Eurocode 2 - 3 CPD hours
An overview of the new code followed by worked
examples on design and detailing of main structural elements -
beams, flat slabs and axially loaded column.
Design of building structures to
Eurocode 2 - 6 CPD hours
A more detailed review of the new code
including the basis of design, structural analysis, material
properties, bending, shear, torsion, deflection, anchorage and
detailing.
Modern design of reinforced concrete
buildings to Eurocode 2 - 12 CPD hours
A comprehensive workshop covering all clauses
of Eurocode 2 and exploring its practical application with worked
examples on design and detailing of all structural elements using
the UK's nationally determined parameters.
]]>
Compendium of How to Guides announced
page.htt
|
|
This publication aims to make the transition to
'Eurocode 2:Design of Concrete Structures' as easy as possible by
drawing together in one place key information and commentary
required for the design of typical concrete elements.
Chapters based on the successful series of How to
guides, previously published in Structural
Engineer include:
- Introduction to Eurocode 2
- Getting Started
- Slabs
- Beams
- Columns
- Foundations
- Flat Slabs
- Deflection Calculations
With new chapters covering design of:
- Retaining Walls - NEW
- Detailing - NEW
|
|
How to Design Concrete Structures using Eurocode
2
Ref number: CCIP-006
To pre-order your copy visit www.concretebookshop.com
|
]]>
Do it first in concrete
page.httDo it first in concrete!
Not all European Standards will be available,
as soon as EC2. The background document to the UK NA, explains the
intention that during the interim period, where not all ENs are
available or are covered by UK NAs, relevant current British
Standards will be used in the design and execution of concerned
structures. Examples include wind loads, design
of foundations and couplers.
The design process will not change as a result
of using EC2. Eurocode 2 is laid out to deal
with phenomena rather than elements. There are
also specific rules dealing with beams, slabs, flat slabs, columns,
walls, deep beams, foundations, tying systems and precast
concrete. In the long term, it is anticipated
that EC2 will result in more economic structures so conceptual
design done to, say, BS8100 may confidently be taken through to
detail design using EC2.
The UK construction industry faces a major
challenge with the replacement of British Standards by
EC2.
The Concrete Centre is making available
a range of resources which will assist with
the interpretation and use of the new code.
]]>
Eurocode and Reinforcement
page.httReinforcement Standard EN 10080 and the EC
There is a strong possibility the EC will
withdraw EN 10080:2005 Steel for the reinforcement of
concrete, from the list of references of harmonised standards
published in the OJEU (Official Journal of the European Union).
This means that the EC, after strong lobbying from Italy and
Germany, think that currently EN 10080 does not meet the
requirements of a harmonised standard according to the Construction
Products Directive.
Nonetheless, EN 10080 will remain perfectly
valid as a standard for reinforcement and so derived standards such
as BS 4449 etc remain perfectly valid as standards for
reinforcement in the UK. The necessary amendments to EN 10080
should not take too long.
Back to listing of
news stories
]]>
Assisting engineers with the transistion to Eurocode 2
page.httCONCRETE INDUSTRY HELPING EUROCODE TRANSITION
Extract from article appearing in Building
magazine June 06
The Concrete Centre is working with the
construction industry to provide a range of resources that will
make the transition to Eurocode 2 as simple as possible.
A dedicated website,
www.eurocode2.info provides
advice and assistance on the introduction, interpretation and
implementation of EC2. In addition, there is latest news concerning
EC2, detailed analysis and examination of the code plus free
downloads and a FAQ section. A series of seminars and courses on
EC2 throughout the UK are being well-attended and a series of
guides under the banner
'How to Design
Concrete Structures using Eurocode 2' have been
published and been well received.
The guides aim to make the transition as easy
as possible by drawing together the key information and commentary
necessary for the design of typical concrete elements, such as
slabs, beams, columns etc. The Concrete Centre has published a
Concise Eurocode 2, which brings
together information for building structures, and RC spreadsheets
for design to EC2 this summer. A book of worked examples and
publications on civil engineering subjects such as integral bridges
will follow.
Concise
Eurocode 2 cuts through all the
relevant Eurocodes and UK National Annexes to give simple guidance
on how to design concrete building structures to Eurocode 2. It
fits between the Centre's series of 'How to design to Eurocode 2'
leaflets and forthcoming Worked Examples which aim to help
designers design to the Eurocodes - in concrete first.
The main thrust of the guide is to put the
requirements of Parts 1-1 and 1-2 of Eurocode 2 into plain English
and into a logical order. It starts by explaining the basis of
design, materials and analysis, before dealing with the phenomena
of bending and axial force, shear, punching shear, torsion and
serviceability as per the code. Detailing, tying and plain concrete
are covered before giving an extensive section of design aids
(including tables and charts for shear, deflection and column
design). There is even an appendix explaining the design of simple
foundations.
With the relevant clause numbers highlighted,
Concise Eurocode 2 is intended to
help unlock the benefits to be gained from using the new
code.
The other parts of Eurocode 2 work by
exception to the clauses in Parts 1-1 and 1-2 so a thorough
understanding of Parts 1-1 and 1-2 will be a prerequisite for
designing concrete bridges and liquid retaining structures.
Relevant parts of Eurocode (basis of design), Eurocode 1 (actions)
and Eurocode 7 (Geotechnical) are explained and referenced too. In
addition, Concise Eurocode 2 offers derived data that provides
significant assistance to those designing to the new codes.
As a sector, the concrete industry welcomes the
new codes. They are the culmination of over 40 years of technical
development and will offer a rational and reliable basis for
design. Furthermore, the concrete Eurocodes are relatively simple
to digest and use as they consist of only 4 parts and 4 national
annexes compared with some 21 different parts for steel and
potentially some 59 national annexes in total.
There is already a comprehensive range of
resources to help designers and engineers familiarise themselves
with the new concrete codes. Their availability plus that of the
concrete National Annexes begs the question: 'why not do it in
concrete first?'.
]]>
The launch of Eurocodes is inevitable
page.httThe introduction of the new Eurocodes is inevitable. Calls to
delay their implementation are like King Canute trying to halt the
tide believes Andrew Minson, head of structural engineering at The
Concrete Centre.
The Eurocode process began over 30 years ago
and is nearing full implementation. The concrete sector has been
leading the way with the new codes. Designers and engineers can now
design using Eurocode 2. Only the parts relating to bridges and
retaining walls are yet to be completed. The BSI committee
concerned with the implementation of Eurocode 2 believes that the
full package of the code including all its national Annexes and
supporting documentation should be fully implemented by 2008 when
BS 8110 will be withdrawn.
"Like it or not, the introduction of the
Eurocodes is inevitable so it seems best to accept this and get on
with making the change as easy as possible", said Minson. With this
in mind, The Concrete Centre has developed a wide range of
resources aimed at helping with the necessary transition. These
include a companion guide 'Concise Eurocode 2', a dedicated
website,
www.eurocode2.info, a series
of guides under the banner 'How to design concrete structures using
Eurocode 2' and a programme of seminars and courses held throughout
the UK.
Minson believes that despite the cost of the
change to the new codes, there will be economic benefits to be
gained from their use. In concrete design it is expected that there
will be material cost savings of up to 5% compared with using BS
8110. Furthermore, the Eurocodes are organised to avoid repetition,
are technically advanced and should offer more opportunities for UK
designers to work throughout Europe.
"It is important to see the new Eurocodes as an
opportunity", said Minson. "Delay in implementing the Eurocodes
will diminish the ability of UK designers and engineers to work on
projects in the rest of Europe whilst permitting firms from
Continental Europe to work over here".
]]>
Cost prediction for the transistion to Eurocode 2
page.httCost prediction for the transition to Eurocodes
Extract from article appearing in
Building magazine - June 06
Calculations that it could cost the typical
16-man consulting practice £250,000 to change from British
Standards to Eurocodes underlines the need for construction
material sectors to help with the transition to the new
codes. With its national annexes already
published and a new Concise Eurocode 2 that unlocks the potential
of designing to the new code, the concrete sector is leading the
way reports Charles Goodchild, principal structural engineer at The
Concrete Centre.
The cost prediction comes from a report by the
Institution of Structural Engineers1, 'National Strategy
for Implementation of the Structural Codes: Design' which found
that the greatest cost will be a 10% loss of productivity during
the first year which could equate to as much as £128,000 as
staff get used to the new codes. The report states that with fee
levels already under pressure consultants are likely to resist the
cost of this transition for as long as possible.
Despite the initial costs, there will be
economic benefits to be derived from using the codes. In concrete
design, it is expected that there will be material cost savings of
up to 5% compared to using BS 8110. Furthermore,
Eurocodes are less restrictive than British Standards. They are
logical and organised to avoid repetition, are technically advanced
and should provide more opportunities for UK designers to work
throughout Europe and of course for Europeans to work in the UK. In
common with all EU countries, public authorities will have to
accept Eurocode 2 as a valid method of design on major works. In
some countries the adoption of Eurocodes is embodied in their legal
system.
The transition from British Standards to the
new Eurocodes is a major event for the UK construction industry.
The concrete sector is leading the way with its UK national annex
being published last December. This means that, with the exception
of bridges and water retaining structures, you can now design
structures to Eurocode 2.
]]>
New manual for designing concrete building structures to Eurocode 2
page.httTwo new titles published
by the IStructE
Further information and
sample pages from these publications, including the full contents,
can be viewed by visiting www.istructe.org.uk/eurocode2
Manual for
designing concrete building structures to Eurocode
2
This manual, partly
funded by The Concrete Centre and British Cement Association, provides a best practice resource for
all structural designers. It covers the design of the majority
of reinforced concrete building structures and is the new version
of the well known 'little green book'.
It supports the design of
structures to BS EN 1992-1-1: 2004 and BS EN 1992-1-2: 2004 for
construction in the UK. The limit
state design of foundations is included and the initial design of
pre-stressed concrete structures is covered. The Nationally
Determined Parameters from the UK National Annex have also been
incorporated in the design formulae that are presented. Laid out
for hand calculation, the procedures are equally suitable for
spread sheet and/or computer application.
It is similar in layout to the
Institution's earlier manuals on British Standards, and covers the
following design stages:
- General principles that govern the design
of the layout of the structure;
- Initial sizing of members;
- Estimating of quantities of reinforcement
and pre-stressing tendons;
- Final design of members (except for
pre-stressed concrete members).
Cost and purchase information
The cost of the publication is £45.00
for IStructE members and £70.00 for non-members. Copies can be ordered online at www.istructe.org.uk
Standard method of detailing structural concrete: a manual for
best practice
 |
Revised and updated, the new third edition considers the effects
of Eurocode 2 on detailing principles and materials and provides
guidance consistent with the Eurocodes. In addition, recent changes
in practices and procurement of detailing services have been
considered, such as the development of increased off-site
fabrication and detailing being undertaken later in the
construction sequence through initiatives such as constractor
detailing.
Cost and purchase information
|
Further information and
sample pages from these publications, including the full contents,
can be viewed by visiting www.istructe.org.uk/eurocode2
]]>
ICE and IStructE launch new Eurocode site
page.httICE and IStructE launch new Eurocodes Expert website
The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) and
the Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE) today launch the
enhanced Eurocodes Expert website:
eurocodes.co.uk. The site
aims to be the authoritative source of information on structural
Eurocodes and is supported by an extensive range of content
partners drawn from the professional bodies, trade associations and
Government.
The Eurocodes Expert website will be the UK's
leading online information portal on Eurocodes and uses an
innovative 'traffic lights' system to indicate the current UK
status of each of the 58 Eurocodes parts. The site provides easy
access to comprehensive support resources including publications,
events and courses provided by the content partners.
ICE Vice-President Scott
Steedman commented:"The new Eurocodes Expert website,
developed in close conjunction with key construction industry
stakeholders, represents a major step forward in our continuing
campaign to develop greater awareness and understanding of the
Eurocodes amongst the construction industry and the professionals
and disciplines connected with it."
The design and content of the new website was
overseen by a steering group drawn from the IStructE Standing
Committee on the Implementation of the Structural Eurocodes,
chaired by Professor David Nethercot OBE and the ICE's Eurocodes
Expert Advisory Group, chaired by Professor Haig Gulvanessian
CBE.
Professor Gulvanessian commented: "Eurocodes
have been many years in their development and there is an urgent
need for authoritative information for professionals to implement
the codes in practice. The Eurocodes Expert
website provides definitive timely and relevant information
available from the desktop."
Professor Nethercot said: 'The revised site
should now be viewed as the first place to consult for all those
seeking guidance on issues associated with the introduction of the
Structural Eurocodes.'
Content partners for the Eurocodes Expert
website include ICE, IStructE, The Concrete Centre, Steel
Construction Institute (SCI), Timber Research and Development
Association (TRADA), the Brick Development Association (BDA) and
the British Masonry Society (BMS).
The Eurocodes Expert website provides:
- detailed information on the availability of
individual BS EN parts and their UK national annexes
- full cross-referencing of parts into their
constituent codes and structural packages
- support resources including publications, FAQs,
web resources
- information on the latest development, news,
events and training
- a users' group which provides advice, discounted
publications and training and free newsletters
Structural Eurocodes offer the
opportunity of harmonised design standards for the European
construction market and the rest of the world. To achieve this, the
construction industry needs to effectively implement the Eurocodes
so that the maximum advantage can be taken of these opportunities.
Eurocodes Expert will be the UK's leading online information portal
on Eurocodes responding to and anticipating the need of
professionals in the UK, Europe and Worldwide.
, merchants and manufacturers, to architects,
engineers and end users. whether they work
for national or local government, client bodies, architectural
practices, civil and structural engineering consultancies, main and
specialist contractors or house builders.
]]>
BS 8110 Amendment 3
page.htt
Amendment 3 to BS 8110:1997 was published in December
2005. While the amendment is large and affects
many clauses the actual changes revolve around two new
standards.
Alignment with BS 8500
Recommendations for durability are removed
from BS8110:1997 and replaced with references regarding exposure
classification and durability in BS 8500. There
are also changes in terminology, e.g. the dual cylinder/cube
strength notation.
Nominal cover = maximum of
minimum covers from BS 8110 for fire, bond etc and from BS 8500 for
durability etc + design fixing tolerance,
<Delta>
c, (which is taken to be 10 mm
unless the fabrication is subject to a quality assurance system in
which case <Delta> cmay
be reduced to 5 mm).
For more information download
pdf : How to use
BS8500 with BS 8110'. You need to login or register to download
this file.
Alignment with BS 4449:2005
UK industry
has agreed to adopt Grade 500 high yield steel for
reinforcement. The 500 MPa strength may be
considered being a characteristic strength and such time as there
is sufficient data available to demonstrate a return to material
factor 1.05, it has been considered wise to increase the material
factor to 1.15. This necessitates many changes,
especially 1/105 = to 1/1.15 in many formulae.
Engineers will note that 460/1.05 very nearly equals
500/1.15.
Other changes include:
- a new tying provision that requires two bottom
bars to pass through the tops of columns
- changes to the anchorage provisions for precast
floor, stair or roof members
- reference to model specification for bonded and
unbonded post-tensioned flat slabs
- updated references
]]>
Eurocode 2
Error occurred, missing <!-- start print content --> or <!-- end print content -->
BS EN 1992-1-1
page.httThe design process will not change as a result
of using Eurocode 2, but there is a change of emphasis
as Eurocode 2 is laid out to deal with phenomena rather than
elements.
In this section these phenomena are
explored.
Information on element design is available from
our range of 'How to' guides which are
available to download from this website.
]]>
Flexure
page.httFlexure
The design procedure for flexural design is
given in an accompanying
flow
chart; this includes derived formulae based on the
simplified rectangular stress block from Eurocode
2. The table below can be used to determine bending moments and
shear forces for beams, provided the notes to the table are
observed.
Table 3 - Bending moment and shear coefficients for beams
| |
Moment |
Shear |
| Outer support |
25% of span moment |
0.45 (G+Q) |
| Near middle of end span |
0.090
<gamma> GG/
+0.100 Ql |
|
| At first interior support |
-0.094
(<gamma>GG+<gamma>QQ)
l |
0.63 (G+Q)a |
| At middle of interior spans |
0.066 <gamma>GGl +0.086
<gamma>QQl |
|
| At interior supports |
-0.075
(<gamma>GG+<gamma>QQ)
l |
0.50
(<gamma>GG+<gamma>QQ) |
|
Key
a 0.55 (G+Q) may be used adjacent to the
interior span
Notes
1 Redistribution of support moments by 15% has been
included
2 Applicable to 3 or more spans only and where
Qk<Gk
3 Minimum span is > 0.85 longest
span
4 l is the span, G is the total
of the ULS permanent actions. Q is the total of the ULS
variable actions
|
Eurocode 2 offers various methods for
determining the stress-strain relationship of concrete. For
simplicity and familiarity the method presented here is the
simplified rectangular stress block, which is
similar to that found in BS 8110 (see Figure below).
Simplified rectangular stress block for concrete up to class
C50/60 from Eurocode 2
Eurocode 2 gives recommendations for the design of concrete up to
class C90/105. However, for concrete greater than class C50/60, the
stress block is modified. It is important to note that concrete
strength is based on the cylinder strength and not the cube
strength (i.e. for class C30/37 the cylinder strength (
fck) is 30 MPa, whereas the cube strength is 37
MPa).
]]>
Procedure for determining flexural reinforcement
page.httDesign aids for determining flexural reinforcement
All links to tables referred to in the flow
chart:
Procedure for determining flexural reinforcement
Table 4 - Values for K'
| % redistribution |
<delta> (redistribution
ratio) |
K' |
| 0 |
1.00 |
0.205 |
| 5 |
0.95 |
0.193 |
| 10 |
0.90 |
0.180 |
| 15 |
0.85 |
0.166 |
| 20 |
0.80 |
0.151 |
| 25 |
0.75 |
0.136 |
Table 5 - z/d for singly reinforced sections
| K |
z/d |
K |
z/d |
| 0.01 |
0.950a |
0.11 |
0.891 |
| 0.02 |
0.950a |
0.12 |
0.880 |
| 0.03 |
0.950a |
0.13 |
0.868 |
| 0.04 |
0.950a |
0.14 |
0.856 |
| 0.05 |
0.954 |
0.15 |
0.843 |
| 0.06 |
0.944 |
0.16 |
0.830 |
| 0.07 |
0.934 |
0.17 |
0.816 |
| 0.08 |
0.924 |
0.18 |
0.802 |
| 0.09 |
0.913 |
0.19 |
0.787 |
| 0.10 |
0.902 |
0.20 |
0.771 |
| Keya Limiting z to
0.95d is not a requirement of Eurocode 2, but considered
to be good practice. |
Table 6 - Minimum percentage of required reinforcement
| fck |
fctm |
Minimum percentage (0.26
fctm / fyka |
| 25 |
2.6 |
0.13% |
| 28 |
2.8 |
0.14% |
| 30 |
2.9 |
0.15% |
| 32 |
3.0 |
0.16% |
| 35 |
3.2 |
0.17% |
| 40 |
3.5 |
0.18% |
| 45 |
3.8 |
0.20% |
| 50 |
4.1 |
0.21% |
| Keya Assuming fyk
= 500MPa |
Back to
Flexure
]]>
Deflection
page.htt
Shear
page.httVertical Shear
Eurocode 2 introduces the strut inclination method for shear
capacity checks. In this method the shear is resisted by concrete
struts acting in compression and shear reinforcement acting in
tension.
The angle of the concrete strut varies, depending on the shear
force applied (see figure below).
Strut inclination method
The procedure for determining the shear capacity of a section is
shown in the accompanying flow chart
(which includes UK NA values) and is in terms of shear stress in
the vertical plane rather than a vertical force as given in
Eurocode 2.
Where shear reinforcement is required, then the angle of the
concrete strut should be calculated. For many typical beams the
minimum angle of strut will apply (when cot theta = 2.5
or theta =21.8º) i.e. for class C30/37 concrete the strut
angle exceeds 21.8º only when the shear stress is greater than
3.27 N/mm2 (refer to Table
7).
As with BS 8110, there is a maximum permitted shear capacity,
vRd,max , (when cot theta = 1.0
or theta = 45º), but this is not restricted to 5 MPa as
in BS 8110.
]]>
Procedure for determining vertical shear reinforcement
page.httDesign aid for vertical shear reinforcement
All links to tables referred to in the flow
chart:
Procedure for determining vertical shear reinforcement
Table 7 - Minimum and maximum concrete strut capacity in terms
of stress
| fck |
Vrd, max cot theta =
2.5 |
Vrd, max cot
theta = 1.0 |
| 20 |
2.54 |
3.68 |
| 25 |
3.10 |
4.50 |
| 28 |
3.43 |
4.97 |
| 30 |
3.64 |
5.28 |
| 32 |
3.84 |
5.58 |
| 35 |
4.15 |
6.02 |
| 40 |
4.63 |
6.72 |
| 45 |
5.08 |
7.38 |
| 50 |
5.51 |
8.00 |
]]>
Deflection
page.httEurocode 2 has two alternative methods for checking deflection,
either a limiting span-to-depth ratio may be used or the
theoretical deflection can be assessed using the expressions given
in the Code.
The latter is dealt with in detail in
'How to design concrete
structures using Eurocode 2: Deflection
Calculations'. The
span-to-depth ratios should ensure that deflection is limited
to
span/250 and this is the procedure presented in the flow chart
below.
Figures referred to in the flowchart
]]>
Design aids for Deflection
page.httBoth figures are taken from
'How to' guide
Beams
Figure 7 - Basic span-to-depth ratios
Figure 8 - Determination of steel stress
Back to Deflection
flow chart
]]>
BS EN 1992-1-2
default.htt
Design procedure
default.httThere is a specific 3-step procedure to be
followed for the design of concrete structures.
Step 1
Determine the fire resistance requirements of
the structure. Refer to: Building Regulations Approved Document
B
Step 2
Calculate the effects of temperature rise and loading on
structural members during a high temperature fire. Refer to:
- BS EN 1990 Basis of structural design
- BS EN 1991 Actions on structures (EN 1991-1, EN
1991-1-2)
- BS EN 1992 Design of concrete structures (EN
1992-1)
Step 3
Choose the relevant structural dimensions to
meet the requirements in step 1 using either:
The effects of
spalling may need to be considered.
Tabulated data
Minimum sizes of members and axis distance to
reinforcement for achieving fire resistance are given Section 5
of BS EN 1992-1-2. The tables indicate whether
the resistance relates to fire resistance, R, integrity, E, and/or
insulation, I.
The tabulated data approach should be suitable
for the vast majority of structures, and ideally, consulted before
using the simplified or advanced calculation methods. The data
gives recognised design solutions for standard fire exposure
periods up to 240 minutes.
The following points should be noted:
- The tabulated values have been developed
on an empirical basis confirmed by experience and theoretical
evaluation of tests.
- The values apply to normal weight concrete
made with siliceous aggregates.
- For reinforcement in simply supported
beams and one way spanning slabs, the axis distance tabulated
values are based on a critical temperature of
500ºC.
- For prestressing tendons, the tabulated
data values are based on a critical temperature of
400ºC.
- For strands and wires, the tabulated data
values are based on a critical temperature of
350ºC.
- Where calcareous or lightweight aggregates
are used in beams and slabs, the minimum cross-section dimensions
may be reduced by 10%.
- Additional checks are not required for
shear, torsion or anchorage.
- Additional checks are not required for the
possibility of spalling where the axis distance is less than
70mm.
- For high strength concrete (> C50/60)
the minimum cross-section should be increased.
Tabulated data is used to assess structural
members in various ways:
Columns
- Method A (Belgian): Empirical data given,
only applicable to columns with an effective length d 3m and
requires the calculation of a reduction factor.
- Method B (Isquierdo): Theoretical data
given and requires calculation of the load level at normal
temperature. With both methods, the tabulated data is only
applicable to braced structures.
Walls
Data is
applicable to non-load bearing and load bearing reinforced concrete
walls.
Beams and slabs
Specific detailing rules are given.
Continuous beams and slabs should be treated as
simply supported beams for fire design if more than 15%
redistribution of moments has been used assumed.
Flat slabs: For fire ratings e REI 90, 20% of
top steel should be continuous over full span placed in column
strip.
Web thickness of beams: A choice of three
classes is given.
Axis distances for prestressing bars are
generally 10 mm greater and for prestressing wires and strands 15
mm greater
]]>
Advanced calculation methods
default.htt
Advanced calculation methods are used for very
complex structures and where the provisions of national regulations
do not apply, such as sports stadia, exhibitions halls or airport
terminals. General guidance is provided in BS EN 1992-1-2 and these
methods link the phenomenon of heat transferring from a fire into
structural members, and the combined effects of loads and heat on
structural members. Where it is important to predict whole building
behaviour in a fire, allowance must also be made for other
potential modes of failure such as anchorage deterioration or the
spalling of concrete.
(Refer to Figure 18A (Annex D) for the
calculation method for shear and refer to Figure 18B (Annex D) for
the calculation method for torsion.)
Material properties
Fire engineering of concrete elements (and
structures) is based on knowing the properties of concrete and
reinforcement at predicted elevated temperatures. BS EN 1992-1-2
gives fire performance data for predicting changes in the behaviour
of normal weight concrete and steel subjected to the effects of
fire.
For normal weight concrete under compression,
reduction factors (k) are used to increase the minimum
cross-sectional dimensions of a structural member to compensate for
the anticipated depth of damaged concrete after exposure to
'non-standard' fires. Reduction factors for siliceous aggregate
concretes are greater than those for calcareous aggregate concrete.
BS EN 1992-1-2 does not include the material properties of
lightweight concrete.
The tensile strength of concrete is often
ignored at high temperatures. However, where used and BS EN
1992-1-2 gives equations to determine the reduction in tensile
strength of Normal weight concrete in fire.
Similarly, BS EN 1992-1-2 gives formulae or
charts for determining the reduction characteristic strength of
einforcing and prestressing steel reinforcement.
BS EN 1992-1-2 also gives details
of:
- Thermal elongation of concrete at high temperatures,
- Specific heat of concrete at high temperatures,
- Density of concrete at high temperatures
- Thermal conductivity of concrete
- Thermal elongation of reinforcing and prestressing
steel
]]>
Spalling and protective layers
default.httSpalling
BS EN 1992-1-2 distinguishes between two types
of concrete spalling.
1. Explosive Spalling
This occurs in concrete members under
compression, such as columns, during the early stages of exposure
to fire, caused by the expansion of water particles within the
concrete mix. The denser the concrete, the greater the explosive
force. However, explosive spalling is unlikely to occur if the
moisture content of the concrete is less than 3% by weight, and as
a result is also unlikely to occur in an internal environment for
normal strength concrete.
2. Falling Off
This occurs in the soffit tension zones of
beams and slabs during the latter stages of exposure to fire.
Where the axis distance (concrete cover
distance measured from structural member surface to centre of
reinforcement) is not more than 70mm, the use of tabulated data is
acceptable. If the axis distance is greater than 70mm,
supplementary reinforcement should be included, while surface mesh
should have a spacing less than or equal to 100mm and a diameter
greater than or equal to 4mm.
Protective layers
Protective layers may be used to provide the
first lines of defence against exposure to fire. The number and
thickness of layers required to protect a structural member is
determined by the ratio of its cross-sectional heated perimeter to
exposed area, known as the section factor (Hp/A). In fire
protection tables, the section factor is compared to the required
fire resistance of the member, to establish the material type and
thickness of the protective
layer(s). ]]>
BS EN 1992-2 & BS EN 1992-3
page.httBS EN 1992-2 - Eurocode 2. Design
of concrete structures. Concrete bridges
BS EN 1992-2 was published by BSI on 2
December 2005. and its NA published at the end of December 2007. BS
EN 1992-2 will eventually supercede BS 5400-4, BS 5400-7 and BS
5400-8.
EN 1992-3 - Eurocode 2. Design of
concrete structures. Liquid retaining and containing
structures
BS EN 1992-3 was published in July 2006
and its National Annex ON 31ST oCTOBER 2007.
This will
supercede BS 8007. For more information visit BSI at
BSI Global
]]>
Materials and Workmanship
This section of the
website is intended to guide you through how concrete materials and
workmanship will be dealt with under European standards.
The standards relate to
Alternatively, please click the links below to find out about
specific standards.
European Standards
- EN 197, Cement
- EN206-1, Concrete
- EN
10080, Steel for the Reinforcement of Concrete etc
- EN 10138, Prestressing
Steel
- EN/ISO 17660,
Welding of Reinforcing Steel
- EN12620, Aggregates for
concrete
- EN13055, Lightweight
Aggregates
- EN450, Fly ash for concrete. Definitions,
requirements and conformity
criteria
- EN934, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and
grout
- Mixing water for
concrete
- EN13263, Silica fume for
concrete
- EN 13670, Execution of
concrete
structures
- Precast Concrete, EN 13369
and Precast
Products
Complementary British Standards
Standards for Cement and Aggregates
EN 197- Cement
Cements (for use in concrete) are factory produced materials
produced by either inter-grinding or blending their constituents at
the cement works. They conform primarily to the
British/European Standard BS EN 197-1. Some
cements, such as sulfate-resisting Portland cement (SRPC) are
however still covered by residual British
Standards. The traditional British Standards, BS
12, BS 6588 and BS 7583 conflicted with BS EN 197-1 and were
withdrawn in April 2002.
The table below gives the current position
(April 2005) for standardised product specifications for cements
manufactured/supplied in volume in the UK:
|
British/European
Standard
|
Residual British
Standard
|
Cement
|
Standard notation
|
Portland cement clinker content
%
|
Content of other main constituents
%
|
|
BS EN 197-1
|
-
|
Portland cement
|
CEM I
|
95 - 100
|
-
|
|
-
|
BS 4027(1)
|
Sulfate-resisting Portland cement [SRPC]
|
-
|
[Not standardised]
|
-
|
|
BS EN 197-1
|
-
|
Portland-fly ash cement
|
CEM II/B-V
|
65 - 79
|
21 - 35
|
|
BS EN 197-1
|
-
|
Portland-limestone cement
|
CEM II/A-L (LL)
|
80 - 94
|
6 - 20
|
Note
Cements are CE marked against the BS EN 197
product standards using BS EN 197-2 Conformity evaluation.
1) The European standardisation of
sulfate-resisting cements is under review in CEN the European
standardisation body.
|
In addition, the following standards have either been published
in recent years or are residual in nature:
|
BS EN 197-4
|
BS 146(2)
|
Low early strength blastfurnace cements
|
CEM III/A or III/B or III/C
|
5 - 64
|
36 - 95
|
|
BS EN 14216
|
-
|
Very low heat special cements
|
VLH III or VLH IV or VLH V
|
Various
|
Various
|
|
-
|
BS 6610(3)
|
Pozzolanic pulverized-fuel ash cement
|
-
|
45 - 64
|
36 - 55
|
|
-
|
BS 4248(4)
|
Supersulfated cement
|
-
|
80 - 94
|
6 - 20
|
|
Note
2) BS 146 conflicts with BS EN 197-4 and
will be withdrawn in January 2006
3) BS 6610 is not scheduled for replacment
by Europe cement standard
4) Supersulfated cement is to be
standardised in Europe but development work is yet to begin
|
Cements conforming to the BS EN 197 series are designated for
specification as indicated in the following example:
Find out more
EN 12620 Aggregates for
concrete
Last updated
12/4/05
This standard has
been adopted and is being used. It is available from BSI, click
here together with a guidance document on its use, PD6682-1.
Conflicting standards have been withdrawn.
EN 13055 Lightweight Aggregates
Last updated
31/3/05
Lightweight
aggregates is in two parts:
- EN 13055-1. Lightweight
aggregates. Lightweight aggregates for concrete, mortar and
grout.
- EN 13055-2. Lightweight
aggregates. Lightweight aggregates for bituminous mixtures and
surface treatments and for unbound and bound
applications.
These standards have been adopted
and are being used. They are available from BSI, click here
together with a guidance document on their use, PD6682-4.
Conflicting standards have been withdrawn. Both are available from
BSI, click here.
EN
450 Fly ash for concrete. Definitions,
requirements and conformity criteria
Last updated
14/4/05
BS EN 450-1 is due to be
published by BSI in April 2005. Part 2, Conformity evaluation, is
due to be published in 2005.
EN
934 Admixtures for concrete, mortar
and grout
Last updated
31/3/05
The four parts of EN 934 are
being used and are available from BSI, click
here.
BS EN 934-2:2001. Admixtures for
concrete, mortar and grout. Concrete admixtures. Definitions,
requirements, conformity, marking and
labelling
BS EN 934-3:2003. Admixtures for
concrete, mortar and grout. Admixtures for masonry mortar.
Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and
labelling
BS EN 934-4:2001. Admixtures for
concrete, mortar and grout. Admixtures for grout for prestressing
tendons. Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and
labelling
BS EN 934-6:2001. Admixtures for
concrete, mortar and grout. Sampling, conformity control and
evaluation of conformity EN 1008
Mixing water for concrete
Published in
2002.
EN
13263 Silica fume for
concrete
Part 1, Definitions and
conformity and Part 2, Conformity evaluation, are (April 2005) out
for Formal vote.
Back to top
Standards for Concrete
EN 13369 - Precast
Concrete
EN 206-1, Concrete:Specification, performance, production &
conformity
EN 206-1 is a 'framework standard' with national provisions,
detailed requirements, rules of application etc being provided
by a complementary national standard, which for the UK
is BS 8500, Complementary British Standard to BS EN
206-1.
The old British Standard for concrete, BS 5328,
was withdrawn in December 2003 and replaced by BS EN 206-1,
published in 2000, and the UK complementary standard BS 8500,
published in February 2002.
BS 8500 Concrete, Complementary British Standard to EN 206-1
Part 1 covers 'Method of specifying and
guidance for the specifier' and Part 2 'Specification for
constituent materials and concrete'.
BS 8500 is significantly different from BS 5328
in both approach and specific requirements. It has changed the way
concrete specifications are written. In essence under BS 8500,
concrete may be specified as either proprietary, standardised
prescribed, prescribed, designated or designed concrete.
Designed concrete contains a
requirement for strength and this may be satisfied by using
a designed concrete where the specifier states the
limitations on the mix design (e.g. in industrial
ground floor slabs). Or a designated
concrete, where a supplier accredited by a third party
(e.g. QARMC etc) designs the mix to suit the requirements of the
designation given by the specifier (e.g. GEN, RC35 as defined in
BS8500).
For most building and commercial structures,
the designated concrete method of specification is appropriate. BS
8500-1, A.4 gives guidance on the selection of designated concrete.
The inputs are the exposure classes and intended working life. The
appropriate designated concrete and nominal cover to reinforcement
are then selected from BS 8500-1, table A6 (
click
here to download 'How to use BS8500
with BS8110') ensuring that the strength class associated with the
selected designated concrete is adequate for structural
purposes.
Two of the main changes are Exposure and
Consistence classes
|
Exposure classification
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Consistence classification
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Class
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Corrosion induced by
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Class
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Slump, mm
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XO
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No risk
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S1
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10 to 40
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XC
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Carbonation
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S2
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50 to 90
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XD
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Chlorides (excl seawater)
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S3
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100 to 150
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XS
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Seawater
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XF
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Freeze/thaw attack
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XA
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Chemical attack
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With the exception of XO, each class of
exposure is split into a number of sub-classes.
|
It should be noted that BS8500-1 is due for
revision during 2005 to reflect changes in BRE Special Digest 1
relating to concretes in aggressive conditions.
Specifying concrete
Guidance for specifying concrete to BS8500 is
given in 'How to use BS8500 with BS 8110' which can be
downloaded from this site. A document
addressing the use of BS8500 with Eurocode 2 will be
published by The Concrete Centre in the future and will be
available from this website and
www.concretecentre.com Concrete for industrial
floors
Concrete for industrial floors is normally
specified as designed concrete with special mix limitations.The
requirements in the specification for concrete to be used in floors
are normally determined by the service conditions (abrasion
resistance, surface finish and flatness), method of construction
and any requirements related to the method of finishing. Please
refer to:-
- BS 8204-2, In-situ floorings. Code
of practice for concrete wearing surfaces.
- The Concrete Society Technical Report No
34 Concrete industrial ground floors. A guide
to their design and construction (Third
edition).
- The Concrete Society's Good concrete guide
1, Guidance on specification, mix design and production of concrete
for industrial floors.
For a designed concrete, specify that the
concrete shall be produced in accordance with the relevant clauses
of BS EN 206-1/BS8500 and also specifying the following:
- compressive strength class;
- exposure class or limiting values for
concrete composition related to durability and abrasion
resistance. Note: in some cases it may not be necessary
to specify a maximum w/c ratio;
- nominal upper aggregate size;
- requirements for aggregates including
physical and mechanical characteristics;
- type and quantity of fibres (if
used);
- chloride content class; consistence
class;
- permitted cement types;
- permitted admixtures.
Typically C28/35 or C32/40 concretes with
minimum binder contents of 325 kg/m3 and maximum w/c ratio of 0.55
are used to provide for a good surface finish and ensure adequate
abrasion resistance.
Find out more
Click
here to download 'New Concrete Standards - An introductory
guide to the new standards for concrete BS EN 206-1 and BS
8500'.
Standards for Precast Concrete
*based on Dipl-Ing Dieter Schwerm, Bad
Honnef, Building with structural precast components: practical
implementation, Betonwerk+Fertigeil-Technik BFT 3/2005.
www.bft-online.info/en)
Precast product standards
With the exception of EN 13369, all structural
precast product standards are mandated (i.e.
the EC asked CEN to write and publish them: Mandates, CE marking
and National Application Standards). However the product
standards all refer to EN 13369: Common rules for precast concrete
products. And thanks to EN 13369, the product standards are all
structured in the same way.
The product standards (see table) are written
'by exception' to EN 13369 i.e. they either accept what is in EN
13369 or have mirror clauses that elucidate or supersede those in
EN 13369.
This approach was chosen in order to ensure
that:
- The product standards are all based on a uniform
approach.
- Conflicting statements were avoided a
possibility that could not be entirely ruled out in the early phase
of the standardisation work. Having been established in EN 13369,
the higher-ranking provisions in the various product standards,
should not differ from each other.
As an example, in regard to 'mechanical
resistance' EN 13369 Cl 4.3.3 says to either design to EN 1992, use
design based on EN 1992 aided by physical testing or test. BS
EN 1168 hollow core slabs Cl 4.3.3.2 goes into some depth
concerning design but says nothing about 'verification' based on EN
1992 aided by physical testing or testing.
| Published BS EN standards for precast
concrete |
Standard
|
Title
|
|
BS EN 1168:2005
|
Hollow core slabs |
|
BS EN 12794:2005
|
Foundation piles |
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BS EN 12843:2004
|
Masts and poles |
|
BS EN 13224:2004
|
Ribbed floor elements
|
|
BS EN 13225:2004
|
Linear structural elements
|
|
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Common rules for precast concrete products
|
|
BS EN 13693:2004
|
Special roof elements |
|
BS EN 13747:2005
|
Floor plates for floor elements
|
|
|
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BS EN 14650:2005
|
General rules for factory production control of metallic
fibred concrete
|
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|
|
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BS EN 15050:2007
|
Bridge elements
|
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EN 14990
|
Road traffic noise reducing devices and barriers
|
Structure of the product
standards*
The most important chapters refer to:
- the areas of application,
- the requirements made on
- materials
- manufacture and
- end product in particular:
- manufacturing tolerances,
- minimum dimensions,
- concrete cover,
- surface quality and the
- resistance to mechanical actions, ie the load-bearing
capacity.
Other clauses deal with
- fire resistance,
- behaviour in fire,
- sound insulation,
- durability,
- safety in transport and during erection and
- safety in use.
One chapter is devoted to
- test procedures,
- conformity assessment,
- labelling and
- technical documentation.
For most clauses, reference is simply made to
EN 13369. In other cases, the product standard defines
appropriate rules, depending on the product characteristics. This
is followed by normative and informative annexes, which also depend
on the individual product.
Standards for Reinforcement
Error occurred, missing <!-- start print content --> or <!-- end print content -->
Standards for Workmanship
EN 13670 Execution of concrete
structures
Last updated 23/05/2008
Having been approved at a formal vote EN 13670
is currently being finalised to take on board a number of comments.
It is anticipated that a draft for public comment will be available
in late 2008.
One of the fundamental assumptions in Eurocode
2 is that the requirements of ENV 13670 for execution and
workmanship are complied with. This raises a difficulty in the UK,
as only ENV 13670 is currently available but without an
National Application Document.
However, the draft background document to the
National Annex to BS EN 1992-1-1, for the UK, PD6687, states that
the provisions of the National Structural Concrete Specification
(NSCS) are considered equivalent to those in ENV 13670 for
tolerance class 1. Thus the NSCS might be used as an alternative
until EN13670 and its National Annex becomes available. The NSCS
currently refers to BS 8110 for some aspects. When BS 8110 is
withdrawn, NSCS will be amended to incorporate the relevant
requirements. EN 13670 and the corresponding National Annex, when
published will take precedence.
Temporary Works
BS EN 12811-1:
2003 Scaffolds - performance
requirements and general design
Published in June 2004, this standard
supersedes BS 5973:1993 which is withdrawn
. The expected
Working at Height Regulations 2005 will require that calculations
are available for scaffold structures - an exception being when the
scaffold is built to a recognised code of practice. Unfortunately
the standard solutions in BS 5973 are now withdrawn. The NASC
document TG20:05 Guide on tube and fitting scaffolds has certain
pre-designed arrangements of safe heights for Basic scaffolds as
unclad, sheeted and with debris netting. This was published in
January 2005.
BS EN 12811-2: 2004 Temporary
works equipment - Part 2: Information
on materials
Published 18th August 2004 this
standard gives guidance on where to find information on materials
often used in temporary works. It gives structural properties, in
characteristic terms for steel, cast iron and aluminium alloys. It
also includes information from other design standards, such as EN
338 for structural timber to C16, C24 and C30 grades.(20 pages ISBN
0 580 44303 5)
BS EN 12812: 2004 Falsework -
performance requirements and general
design
Published in December 2004 , this standard specifies the
performance requirements for three classes: A, B1 and B2. Limit
state design methods are specified for classes B1 and B2. It does
NOT provide guidance for the structural design of class
A.
BS EN 12813:2004 Temporary works equipment - Load bearing towers of
prefabricated components - Particular methods of structural
design
Published in December 2004, it describes methods of establishing
stiffness and strength by calculation supported by tests for steel
or aluminium towers. The vertical load both with or without
horizontal loads and with the top restrained or free. The annexes
give analysis by first order theory, and by a global test
procedure.
BS EN 13377:2002 Prefabricated timber
formwork beams - Requirements, classification and assessment
This standard classifies the commonly used timber proprietary
waling beams used in formwork into Panel type (P16, P20 and P24)
and Lattice type (L24). It gives information on testing, marking
and conformity. Values of the structural properties are required
for characteristic ultimate shear, bending and bearing. The
informative Annex E then gives "Values for site use" by stating
Safe Working Loads. In the National Annex NA, for permissible
stress calculations to give traditional safe working loads, the
limit state strength needs to be factored, typically by 1.95.
prEN xxx Vertical Formwork - Performance requirements and
General Design
The CEN committee is working towards completing a
final draft. The latest draft is dated January 2002. It originally
was intended to relate to proprietary panel systems for vertical
formwork, but in 2003 the title changed to include ALL formwork.
The UK tends to use plywood, aluminium walings and soldiers for
large wall forms, not panel systems. The document is likely to be
completed in 2003/2004.
Find out
more
Eurocode 2 and BS 8110
Rather
than being couched in terms of elemental design, Eurocode 2 deals
mainly in terms of phenomena. Thus the various limit states,
material properties, methods of analysis etc, are applicable
to all appropriate elements.
Several calibration studies have been taking
place both by Government and industry. Definitive conclusions are
difficult to draw as the versions of the codes to which they were
carried out quickly become superseded. Nonetheless they point to
the fact that there are few fundamental differences between EC2 and
BS8110. A paper by Richard Moss and Rod Webster is indicative.
Click here to
download.
Their conclusions include:
- The advent of EC2 as for the other Eurocodes
will have a big impact on the design of all types of structures.
There will be a learning curve associated with gaining familiarity
and using the new code.
- In general EC2, used in conjunction with the
National Annex, is not wildly different from BS8110 in terms of the
design approach. It gives similar answers and should prove
marginally more economic.
- Overall EC2 is less prescriptive and its scope
is more extensive than BS8110 for example in permitting higher
concrete strengths. In this sense the new code will permit designs
not currently permitted in the UK, and thus gives designers the
opportunity to derive benefit from the considerable advances in
concrete technology over recent years.
- The authors believe that, after an initial
acclimatisation period, EC2 will be generally regarded as a very
good code and a step in the right direction.
More detailed comments are made below, regarding
CoverPerhaps one of the most difficult areas
to understand is that of covers to concrete. Nominal cover is
defined as:
c nom = c min +
<Delta> c
dev
cmin is dependant upon bond
requirements, or more usually environmental conditions. Exposure
classes according to EN206 are summarised in EN1992-1-1 Table 4.1.
The requirements will be covered by the National Annex and draft
guidance, cover vs exposure class and concrete grade, is given in
Dc dev allows for deviations and is likely to be set at 10 mm and
may only be reduced for Quality Assured operations.
For fire is is the axis distance, the distance
to the centroid of the bar (or bars) to the surface, that must be
complied with. Tables in BS EN 1992-1-2 Section 5 give axis
distance for common elements. Axis distances may also be determined
using fire engineering design methods.
Concrete
Concrete is subject to BS 8500, the UK's
complementary standard to EN 206-1 Concrete. The quality of
concrete will be described by characteristic cylinder strength /
characteristic cube strength e.g. C30/37. Concretes up to C90/105
are catered for.
ReinforcementEurocode 2 allows for
reinforcement strengths of up to 600 MPa. The testing of
reinforcement for conformity is covered by EN10080 and the
specification of individual steels is covered by National Standards
such as BS 4449.
DetailingEurocode 2 will mean some changes
to detailing rules. In light of the imminent publication of
Eurocode 2, revision to BS 8666 and modern practice, the
IStructE/Concrete Society publication 'Standard method of detailing
of structural concrete (1989)' has been revised and published in
2006. A partnership including the Institution, Concrete Society and
other partners carried out the work.. Besides making the
necessary technical revisions, the revised publication gives
guidance to allow and encourage best practice in the whole
reinforcement supply chain process.
FireEN1992-1-2 will allow prescriptive
methods (i.e. use of tabulated data) and fire engineering methods.
It is expected that fire engineering of concrete structure will in
time become more prevalent.
Cover, concrete, rebar, fire, etc
cmin is dependant upon bond
requirements, or more usually environmental conditions. Exposure
classes according to EN206 are summarised in EN1992-1-1 Table 4.1
but the actual cover requirements in EN1992-1-1 are rather
confusing to UK eyes. The requirements will be covered by the
National Annex and draft guidance, cover vs exposure class and
concrete grade, is given in [Guide to cover and quality]
Dc dev allows for deviations and is
likely to be set at 10 mm and may only be reduced for Quality
Assured operations.
Concrete As discussed in the
Euronorms pages, concrete will be subject to BS 8500, the UK's
complementary standard to EN 206-1 Concrete. The quality of
concrete will be described by characteristic cylinder strength /
characteristic cube strength e.g. C30/37. Concretes up to C90/105
are catered for.
Reinforcement
Eurocode 2 allows for reinforcement strengths of up to 600 MPa. The
testing of reinforcement for conformity will be covered by EN10080
and the specification of individual steels will be to
EN10081.
Detailing
Eurocode 2 will mean some changes to detailing rules. In light of
the imminent publication of Eurocode 2, revision to BS 8666 and
modern practice, the IStructE/Concrete Society publication
'Standard method of detailing of structural concrete (1989)' is due
to be revised. A partnership including the Institution, Concrete
Society and other partners have been asked to submit a stage 2
proposal for DTI PII funding to help carry out the work.
Besides making the necessary technical revisions, it is intended
that the revised publication gives guidance to allow and encourage
best practice in the whole reinforcement supply chain process. The
work is due to be undertaken over the next eighteen months with
publication due in early 2005.
Fire
EN1992-1-2 will allow prescriptive methods (i.e. use of tabulated
data) and fire engineering methods. It is expected that fire
engineering of concrete structure will in time become more
prevalent.
Eurocode 2 and Loads
Eurocode 2, as indeed BS8110, depends
on other codes for loads etc. The loads themselves are derived
from Eurocode 1.
In design various partial factors are applied
to the loads depending upon which limit state is being examined.
(e.g. equilibrium, strength, accidental, seismic, serviceability).
The values are contained in Eurocode 0, Tables A1.2(A), A1.2(B) and
A1.2(C) A1.3 and clause A1.4.1, as confirmed or modified by the
relevant National Annex.
In effect the load factors for the ultimate limit state of
strength, may be regarded as either
1.35Gk + 1.5
<Psi>Qk
(Eqn 6.10)
or the worse case of
1.35G
k + 1.5<psi>0Qk
and (Eqn
6.10a)
1.35xGk + 1.5
Qk
(Eqn 6.10b)
which for residential and office use is
1.35G
k + 1.05 Qk and
1.15Gk + 1.5 Qk
Whilst Eqn 6.10 may be easier to apply, it leads to unduly high
overall factors of safety
(reliability
indices) when using heavy weight materials such as concrete.
Using Equations 6.10a and 6.10b may produce say 2.5% savings but
maintains the same or better reliability index of lighter weight
materials. The use of equations 6.10a and 6.10b was still under
review as at January 2003.
The recommended partial factor for
serviceability loads is 1.00.
Pattern loadingAccording to Eurocode
0 all patterns of loading should be considered. By implication,
Eurocode 2 as written includes an adjacent spans load-case
which in slabs leads to an increased amount of column head
reinforcement. However, it is understood that the National Annex
for the UK will, in most cases, allow designers to revert to the
current UK practice of considering the cases of all or alternate
spans loaded.
Please note that there is no pattern loading
associated with dead load: it is either 1.00Gk
throughout or 1.35Gk or 1.35 x Gk
throughout.
Benefits of Eurocode 2
default.httThe introduction and implementation of the new
Eurocodes is a significant event for the UK construction industry
and the concrete sector is leading the way with the concrete
national annex agreed in December 2005.
So what are the benefits?
According to the EC, the introduction of the Eurocodes will also
give the following benefits and opportunities:
- Provide a common understanding regarding the
design of structures between owners, operators and users, designers
contractors and manufacturers of construction products.
- Facilitate the exchange of construction services
between member states.
- Facilitate the marketing and use of structural
components in member states.
- Provide a common basis for research and
development.
- Allow the preparation of common design aids and
software.
- Increase the competitiveness of the European in
their world-wide activities.
The Eurocodes are innovative and of high technical quality. They
have the most up-to-date information which encompasses expertise
from all European countries.
Most of Europe using the same basic design codes means:
- Increased market for UK consultants.
- Increased market for UK manufacturers.
- Reduced costs for companies working in several
European markets.
- Reduced risk of confusion when using proprietary
products.
- Technically advanced codes.
- Logical, organised to avoid conflicts between
codes.
- Eurocode 2 is less restrictive than current
codes.
- Eurocode 2 is more extensive than current
codes.
- Eurocode 2 can give more economic
structures.
These benefits are now beginning to be seen.
For the UK:
- Eurocode 2 should result in more economic structures for
clients.
- Eurocode 2 is less restrictive than British Standards.
- Eurocode 2 is extensive and comprehensive.
- The new Eurocodes are claimed to be the most
technically advanced codes in the world.
- In Europe, all public works must allow the Eurocodes to be used
for structural design.
- Use of the Eurocodes will provide more opportunity for UK
designers to work throughout Europe and for Europeans to work in
the UK.
- The Eurocodes are logical and organised to avoid
repetition.
The driver in the UK is expected to be the
economic benefit in using Eurocode 2. It is expected that in
building structures there will be material cost savings of between
0 and 5% compared to using BS8110. In common with all EU countries,
public authorities will have to accept Eurocode 2 as a valid method
of design on major works. In some countries the adoption of
Eurocodes in embodied in their legal system.
Ultimately EC2 will become the one design code
for all concrete structures in the UK and
Europe.
It will ensure reinforced concrete
design remains up-to-date with the latest research.
The
UK construction industry faces a major challenge with the
replacement of British Standards by EC2. The
Concrete Centre is making available a range of resources which will assist with the
interpretation and use of the new code.What are the main changes?
Eurocode 2 deals with the phenomenon, rather
than elements types
Design is based on characteristic cylinder
strength
It allows high strength concrete
(C90/105)
Does not contain derived formulae (eg only the
details of the stress block is given, not the flexural design
formulae)
Unit of stress is MPa
Durability requirements more explicit: cmin
+Dcdev
Partial factor for steel is 1.15
Plain or mild steel not covered
Notional horixontal loads considered in
addition to lateral loads
Load combinations from EN 1990
Eurospeak (verify, actions, imperfections) and
subscripts
The design process will not change as a result
of using EC2. Whilst Eurocode 2 is laid out to
deal with phenomena rather than elements, there are also
specific rules dealing with beams, slabs, flat slabs, columns,
walls, deep beams, foundations, tying systems and precast
concrete. In the long term, it is anticipated
that EC2 will result in more economic structures so conceptual
design done to, say, BS8100 may confidently be taken through to
detail design using EC2.
The UK construction industry faces a major
challenge with the replacement of British Standards by
EC2.
The Concrete Centre is making available
a range of resources which will assist with the
interpretation and use of the new code.
When can I start using Eurocodes?
Following the publication of the UK's National
Annex to Eurocode 2 (NA to BS EN 1992-1-1) in December 2005, the
design code for concrete buildings is now available for use in the
UK now.
With publications of the National Annex to BS
EN 1991-1-4 (wind), all European standards relevant to the design
of concrete building structures are available. The
Concrete Centre is making
available a range of resources which will assist with the
interpretation and use of the new code. Find out more
With
regard to bridges, some of the relevant documents are not yet in
place. For example:
NA~A2 to BS EN 1990 basics of
design
NA
to BS EN 1991-2:2003, traffic loads on bridges
PD
6688-2 recommendations for the design of structures to BS EN
19992-2
]]>
Design Aids for Eurocode 2
default.htt
|
|
|
Concise Eurocode 2
This publication summarises the material that
will be commonly used in the design of reinforced concrete framed
buildings to Eurocode 2.
With extensive clause referencing, readers are
guided through Eurocode 2 and other relevant Eurocodes. The
publication, which includes design aids, aims to help designers
with the transition to design to Eurocodes.
Publisher: The Concrete Centre
Authors: R S Narayanan FREng, C H Goodchild BSc CEng MCIOB
MIStructE
Price: £45
|
 |
How to Design Concrete Structures using
Eurocode 2
This publication aims to make the transition to 'Eurocode 2:
Design of Concrete Structures' as easy as possible by drawing
together in one lace key information and commentary required for
the design of typical concrete elements.
Publisher: The Concrete Centre
Authors: AJ
Bond, O Brooker, AJ Harris, T Harrison, RM Moss, RS Narayanan, R
Webster
Price: £45
Click here to purchase this publication.
|
 |
RC Spreadsheets v3
RC Spreadsheets v3 provides rapid production of design
calculations to BS 8110 and Eurocode 2 and is up-to-date following
the publication of Eurodoce 2 (BS EN 1992-1-1), its National Annex
for the UK and Amendment 3 to BS 8110 Part 1:1997.
RC Spreadsheets can be purchased directly from The Concrete
Centre, click here to download the order form.
|
|
Precast Eurocode 2 Design Manual
This design manual summarises the material that is likely to be
used in the design of buidling structures using Eurocode 2,
focussing on the consideration of precast components and using
extensive clause referencing.
Publisher: British Precast
Click here to purchase this publication
through British Precast.
|
|
Properties of Concrete for use in Eurocode 2
This publication will assist in designing concrete structures
taylor-made for particular applications. Guidance is given on the
use of concrete properties for design to Eurocode 2 and the
corresponding UK national annex.
Publisher: The Concrete Centre
Click here to purchase this publication.
|
Other resources
]]>
Downloads
default.httDownloads]]>Content to be changed...]]>Draft National Annex to EN 1990 disallows equations 6.10a and
6.10b... read more]]>October 2002 version of prEN1992-1-2 (fire) received. Fig 3.7
altered... read more]]>The documents below are made available to you
free of charge. Many are extracts from paid for documents, or are
made available to you as working drafts. To enable you to have
access this service we ask that you are registered with
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click
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Worked Examples to Eurocode 2
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode
2
- Errata < Download >
PDF 53KB
- BS 8500 for building structures, TA Harrison
& O Brooker < Download > PDF
172KB
CCIPs
Other publications available are:
- Derivation of the flexure design equations <
Download > PPS 869KB
- Derivation of design moment and shear
coefficients for slabs and beams to Eurocode 2,
Draft document, < Download
> PDF 3 MB
- Derivation of K' < Download
> PDF 49KB
- Derivation of Expressions used for shear design
< Download > PDF 63KB
- Introduction of British Standards BS 8666:2005
< Download >
PDF 465KB
- For easy reference standard shapes are
available separately < Download
> PDF 106KB
- Practical Use of Eurocode 2, R Webster <
Download >
PDF 423KB
Please be aware many items below are drafts and papers and as
such are to be used as preliminary, they rely on
provisional information and drafts of European Standards their
National Annexes. Copyright of these items rests with the
author(s).
All advice or information from
The Concrete Centre is intended for those who will evaluate the
significance and limitations of
its contents and take
responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including
that for negligence) for any loss resulting
from such advice or information
is accepted by The Concrete Centre or their subcontractors,
suppliers or advisors. Readers
should note that The Concrete
Centre publications are subject to revision from time to time and
should therefore ensure that
they are in possession of the
latest version.
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FAQ
Some of the more frequently asked questions
about Eurocode 2 are listed below.
What are the relevant parts of
Eurocode 2?
Eurocode 2 has 4 parts. Part -1-1 sets out
general rules for the design of concrete structures and rules for
buildings. It extends over some 225 pages and beyond defining the
basis of design, material properties and durability requirements;
it sets out rules for analysis and design at the Ultimate and the
Serviceability Limit States. It also gives rules for precast, plain
and lightweight concrete and detailing. There are ten Annexes
giving further information.
Part -1-2 gives rules for structural fire
design. It gives rules for fire engineering methods of design and
tabulated data for elements.
Part 2 deals with the desi
gn and detailing of bridges. It works by
confirming, complementing or varying the requirements of Part
1-1. For examples there are additional clauses on shear,
torsion, cracking and additional Annexes.
Part 3 deals with liquid retaining and
containment structures and again it works by confirming,
complementing or varying the requirements of Part 1-1, especially,
with respect to cracking.
Each part has its National Annex. National
Annexes provide:
- Values of Nationally Determined Parameters
(NDPs) (NDPs have been allowed for reasons of safety, economy and
durability)
- The decision where main text allows
alternatives
- The choice to adopt informative
annexes
- Reference to Non-contradictory
complementary information (NCCI)
As of 1st January 2008 all parts and
their National Annexes (NAs) are available. PD6687 should also
be mentioned. This published document gives background to the UK NA
to Parts -1-1 and -1-2 and gives interim advice on issues such as
execution (workmanship) and unbraced columns in fire. During 2008
it is anticipated that PD6687 will be republished as PD6687-1 to
cover BS EN 1992-3 and a new PD6697-2 will be published to cover
the NDP's to BS EN 1992-2.
What are the key
differences between the Eurocode 2 and BS 8110?
Eurocode 2 is not wildly di
fferent from BS8110 in terms of the design
approach
[i]. It gives
similar answers but is less prescriptive and more extensive than
BS8110. It gives designers the opportunity to derive benefit from
the considerable advances in concrete technology over recent
years.
Flexural design to Eurocode 2 is very
similar to BS 8110. However in the analysis of continuous members,
permanent actions (dead loads) no longer vary span to span.
Beam shear is based on variable strut theory,
which is quite easy to use in practice. Deflection can be checked
either by calculation or by using span-to-depth ratios. Punching
shear design rules are not dissimilar. The procedure for designing
columns is very similar to current methods, but in assessing design
moment, we will have to get used to including the effects of both imperfections and, albeit slender
columns will be rarer, slenderness. Detailing appears to include a
lot of design expressions.
The code deals in unfamiliar terms like
verification, actions, capacities and other Eurospeak
[ii]. It
considers phenomena rather than element design.
It contains very few derived formulae (or other "text book stuff").
In use, it depends on other Eurocodes and their NAs. So initially
guidance is very necessary. However, eventually, a realisation sets
in that the code is very logical and very comprehensive.
Technically, it is regarded as the most advanced concrete code in
the world.
[i]R Moss; R Webster; EC2 and BS 8110 compared, The
Structural Engineer, Volume: 82 Issue: 6, 15 March 2004
For buildings, savings are
apparent in continuous members, especially flat slabs. The savings
derive from no pattern loading on permanent actions (dead loads),
from using 1.25Gk + 1.5Qk in analysis and from applying
y2 factors to
variable actions when considering
deflection (see BS EN 1990 and UK NA). No definite conclusion has
been drawn for Civil Engineering structures.
Will it take longer
to design to Eurocode 2?Initially, yes.
As familiarity and the availability of
shortcuts, design aids and software grow, design should take no
longer than it does currently. In the longer term, there will be
benefits and opportunities in having a common basis of design
across all materials across all Europe and beyond.
Where can I get
advice?
On behalf of the cement and concrete industry,
The Concrete Centre has published a range of resources for the
practitioner. These include:
The Concrete Centre's free Helpdesk (Tel 0845
812 000) was set up to provide help on any aspect of concrete
design or practice and that includes providing help on Eurocode
2.
Can we use hand
calculations or must we use computers?
Hand calculation is possible through the use of
design aids created by The Concrete Centre and others. Indeed, ha
nd calculations are to be encouraged in
the initial stages of using Eurocode 2 to obtain a 'feel' for the
code and understand what the computer is (or should be)
doing.
Eurocode 2 is very comprehensive and logical
and so is suited to computer methods. Some operations are only
really viable using computers. Nonetheless, gaining familiarity
with the code and the code methods by doing hand calculations is to
be encouraged. The
worked
examples made available show such hand methods.
What is 'reliability
index'?For a normal distribution: mean ² x
standard deviation defines the probability of failure, where ²
is the reliability index. When there are two normal
distributions for load effects, E, and resistance, R, it gets a bit
more complicated. Nonetheless ² is applied to a normal
distribution of R/E.
Table C2 of Eurocode 0 says that for ultimate
loads the target reliability index
<beta> = 3.8
for 'normal' structures with respect to safety (i.e. it is accepted
that approx 1 in 14,000 cases the effects of loads, ED
,will exceed the design resistance, RD, over the
relevant period (say 50 years for ULS). <beta> for
serviceability (e.g. deflection) is 1.5 - so 1 in 14 might be
expected to exceed limits.
Indicitive values for the target reliability
index ² for an intended lifetime of 50 years and reliability
class 2 (Eurocode 1).
| Limit state |
Target reliability index ² |
Matching probability |
| Ultimate |
3.8 |
0.000072 |
| Fatique |
1.5 to 3.8 |
0.067 to 0.000072 |
| Serviceability |
1.5 |
0.067 |
They are different. Overall factor of safety
would be RM/EM but you still get the
theoretical 1 in 10,000 overloads in the return period.
Greek alphabet & its common applications
default.httFirst Eurocodes published. BS EN 1990, Basis of design and BS EN
1991-1-1:2002... read more]]>Draft National Annex to EN 1990 disallows equations 6.10a and
6.10b... read more]]>October 2002 version of prEN1992-1-2 (fire) received. Fig 3.7
altered... read more]]>Greek
Greek letters are used extensively in EC2. The table below
gives the Greek alphabet in upper and lower case with the names of
the letters, together with some of the more common uses for the
letters.
]]>
Glossary
Abbreviations
CPD Construction Products
Directive
PPD Public Procurement
Directives
SCC Standing Committee on
Construction
ID Interpretative
Documents
ENV European
pre-standard
ENV Eurocode Version of
Eurocode published by CEN as a pre-standard ENV (for subsequent
conversion into EN)
NAD National Application
Document for the use of ENV Eurocodes at the National level
EN European standard
EN Eurocode Version of
Eurocode approved by CEN as a European standard
hEN Harmonised European
standard for a construction product (to enable CE Marking)
NDP Nationally Determined
Parameter
DAV Date of availability of
the EN standard
DoW Date of withdrawal of a
conflicting national standards
CEN Comité
Européen de Normalisation (European Standardisation
Organisation)
CEN/MC CEN Management
Centre
NA National Annex
(containing countries decisiond on NDPs: see below)
NSB National Standards Body
(CEN Member)
EOTA European Organisation
for Technical Approval (article 9.2 of the CPD)
ETA European Technical
Approval
ETAG European Technical
Approval Guideline
EEA European Economic
Area
EC European Commission
services
OJ/OJEU Official
Journal of the European Union
FV Formal
vote
UAP Unique
Approval Procedure
Definitions
Approval Body Body
authorised to issue European Technical Approvals (Article 10 of the
CPD), Member of EOTA).
European Technical Approval
(ETA) Favourable technical assessment of the fitness for use of
a product for an intended use, based on the fulfilment of the
Essential Requirements for building works for which the product is
used (article 8, 9 and 4.2 of the CPD). An ETA can be issued on the
basis of a Guideline (article 9.1 of the CPD) or without guideline
(article 9.2 of the CPD).
European Technical Approval
Guideline (ETAG) Document used as the basis for preparing ETAs,
which contains specific requirements for the products within the
meaning of the Essential Requirements, the test procedures, the
methods of assessing and judging the results of the tests, the
inspection and conformity procedures, written by EOTA on the base
of a mandate received from the Commission (article 9.1 and 11 of
the CPD).
National Annex (to an EN
Eurocode Part) Annex to an EN Eurocode Part containing the
Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs) to be used for the
structural design of buildings and civil engineering works in a
Member State.
National Application Document
(NAD) The NADs, which were used at the ENV stage, expressed
national choices, in particular wherever "
Boxed
Values" were given in the ENV Eurocodes.
National Provisions
National laws, regulations and administrative provisions, imposed
by all levels of public authorities, or private bodies acting as a
public undertaking or as a public body on the basis of a monopoly
position.
Nationally Determined Parameter
(NDP) A National choice left open in a EN Eurocode about values
(where symbols are given in the EN Eurocodes), classes or
alternative procedures permitted within the 5 EN Eurocodes.
Technical Specifications
Harmonised European Standards (hENs) and European Technical
Approval (ETAs) for construction products (article 4.1 of the
CPD)
Structure Load-bearing
construction, i.e. organised assembly of connected parts designed
to provide mechanical resistance and stability to the works (ID 1,
clause 2.1.1).
Structural Relating to a
structure
Structural material
Material or constituent product with properties which enter into
structural calculations or otherwise relate to the mechanical
resistance and stability of works and parts thereof, and/or to
their fire resistance, including aspects of durability and
serviceability.
Structural component
Components to be used as load-bearing part of works designed to
provide mechanical resistance and stability to the works and/or
fire resistance, including aspects of durability and
serviceability, (ID 1, clause 2.1.1).
Structural kit Kit
consisting of structural components to be assembled and installed
on site. The assembled system made from the structural kit is a
"structure".
Material hEN or ETA The hEN
or ETA for a material or constituent product, with properties which
enter into structural calculations of works or otherwise relate to
their mechanical resistance and stability and/or fire resistance,
including aspects of durability and serviceability, such as
concrete, reinforcing steel for concrete, certain structural steel
products, fire protection materials.
Component hEN or ETA hEN or
ETA for a prefabricated structural component or a kit consisting of
structural components, such as prefabricated concrete components,
prefabricated stairs or timber frame building kits, with properties
determined by calculation applying methods which are used also for
structural design of works.
Contacts & Links
default.httread more]]>This section of the website provides general
information, including information on the Concrete Industry
Eurocode 2 Group (CIEG), a directory of useful links and a
glossary of terms.
About CIEG
Useful
Links
For downloads of papers and publications please
click here to visit our downloads
section.
]]>
About CIEG
default.httFirst Eurocodes published. BS EN 1990, Basis of design and BS EN
1991-1-1:2002... read more]]>Draft National Annex to EN 1990 disallows equations 6.10a and
6.10b... read more]]>October 2002 version of prEN1992-1-2 (fire) received. Fig 3.7
altered... read more]]>About the Concrete Industry Eurocode 2 Group (CIEG)
If the UK is to use Eurocode 2 economically,
safely and with confidence, it was reported that a substantial
effort is required in order to educate and inform the UK
construction industry, notably designers. This effort was being
co-ordinated by an industry grouping called the CIEG.
The group provided the means for a co-ordinated
and collaborative approach required during the transition from
current UK practice with British Standards to Eurocodes.
The implementation of the strategies and
publications directed by the CIEG continues to be undertaken by The
Concrete Centre and other industry bodies.
Members
The CIEG includes representatives from:
Cadogan Tietz -
www.tietz.co.uk
Concrete Innovation
& Design - 01342 717355
DCLG (prev. ODPM) Building
Regulations -
Click here
Other organisations with an interest in contributing to the CIEG
are welcome- please e-mail your statement of interest to
vevans@concretecentre.com
Useful Links
default.httread more]]>Throughout the website we provide useful links
to organisations, websites and publications that can provide
you with further information. Below is a summary of these links,
providing a directory for more information on all aspects of
Eurocode 2.
British Cement Association - http://www.cementindustry.co.uk/
]]>
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